El Cristianismo del filósofo Christianos
Ética y matemáticas en la metodología alquímica
Resumen
El filósofo alquímico “Christianos” (finales del siglo VI [?] – VIII d.C.) demuestra que el conocimiento alquímico es un don de Dios y describe las virtudes que un filósofo-alquimista debe poseer para recibirlo. Estos y otros elementos cristianos no deberían considerarse como una glosa cristiana sobre las ideas alquímicas. Como resultado de su exposición a la matematización neoplatónica de las ideas filosóficas, Christianos desarrolla un método preciso para definir y clasificar los elementos alquímicos sobre una base matemática. Esta matematización pretende legitimar la alquimia como un campo filosófico lícito, presentándola con rasgos similares a las ciencias del quadrivium. Christianos parece haber considerado este enfoque matemático como un camino iluminado por Dios a través del cual un digno filósofo-alquimista podría participar en el conocimiento divino. La conducta virtuosa y el método matemático sirven como dos prerrequisitos entrelazados en la búsqueda del conocimiento alquímico, facilitando al mismo tiempo la demarcación entre verdaderos y falsos perseguidores del conocimiento.
Descargas
Citas
AASS Maii V = Acta Sanctorum, Maii V (1685). Antwerp: M. Cnobarus.
ACO II.1.2 = Schwartz, Eduardus (edition) (1933). Concilium universale Chalcedonense, vol. 1.2. Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum II.1.2. Berlin & Leipzig: De Gruyter.
Allen, Pauline & Neil, Bronwen (eds.) (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Maximus the Confessor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Auzépy, Marie-France & Saint-Guillain, Guillaume (eds.) (2008). Oralité et lien social au Moyen Âge (Occident, Byzance, Islam): parole donnée, foi jurée, serment. Paris: ACHCByz.
Baehrens, Wilhelm Adolf (edition) (1925). Origenes Werke, vol. 8. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Barkhuizen, Jan H. (1984). Justinian’s Hymn Ὁ µονογενὴς υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ. Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 77.1, pp. 3-5.
Bartha, Paul (2022). Analogy and Analogical Reasoning. In Zalta, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/reasoning-analogy/.
Bernardi, Jean (edition) (1992). Grégoire de Nazianze, Discours 42-43. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.
Berthelot, Marcellin (1885). Les origines de l’alchimie. Paris: G. Steinheil.
Blanc, Cécile (edition) (1966). Origène, Commentaire sur saint Jean, vol. 1. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.
Blidstein, Moshe (2017). Swearing by the Book. Oaths and the Rise of Scripture in the Roman Empire. ASDIWAL. Revue genevoise d’anthropologie et d’histoire des religions, 12, pp. 53-72.
Blowers, Paul M. (1992). Maximus the Confessor, Gregory of Nyssa, and the Concept of “Perpetual Progress”. Vigiliae Christianae, 46.2, pp. 151-171.
Boudignon, Christian (edition) (2011). Maximi Confessoris Mystagogia. Turnhout: Brepols.
Brightman, Frank E. (edition) (1896). Liturgies, Eastern and Western. Being the Texts Original or Translated of the Principal Liturgies of the Church, vol. 1: Eastern Liturgies. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Browne, Charles A. (1920). The Poem of the Philosopher Theophrastos Upon the Sacred Art. A Metrical Translation with Comments Upon the History of Alchemy. The Scientific Monthly, 11.3, pp. 193-214.
Browne, Charles A. (1946). Rhetorical and Religious Aspects of Greek Alchemy. Including a Commentary and Translation of the Poem of the Philosopher Archelaos Upon the Sacred Art, Part I. Ambix, 2.3-4, pp. 129-137.
Browne, Charles A. (1948). Rhetorical and Religious Aspects of Greek Alchemy, Part II. Ambix, 3.1-2, pp. 15-25.
Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor (1974). Pappus of Alexandria. In Gillispie, 1974, pp. 293-304.
CAAG = Berthelot, Marcellin & Ruelle, Charles-Émile (1887-1888). Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs, 3 vols. Paris: G. Steinheil.
Cameron, Averil (1988). Eustratius’ Life of the Patriarch Eutychius and the Fifth Ecumenical Council. In Καθηγήτρια. Essays Presented to Joan Hussey for Her 80th Birthday. Camberley: Porphyrogenitus, pp. 225-247.
Cameron, Averil (1990). Models of the Past in the Late Sixth Century. The Life of the Patriarch Eutychius. In Clarke et al., 1990, pp. 205-223.
Cameron, Averil (1996). Changing Cultures in Early Byzantium. Aldershot: Variorum.
Caudano, Anne-Laurence (2020). Astronomy and Astrology. In Lazaris, 2020, pp. 202-230.
Clarke, Graeme et al. (eds.) (1990). Reading the Past in Late Antiquity. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
Colinet, Andrée (2000). Le Travail des quatre éléments ou lorsqu’un alchimiste byzantin s’inspire de Jabir. In Draelants, Tihon & van den Abeele, 2000, pp. 165-190.
Constas, Nicholas (edition and translation) (2014). Maximos the Confessor. On Difficulties in the Church Fathers, The Ambigua, 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cornelli, Gabriele, McKirahan, Richard & Macris, Constantinos (eds.) (2013). On Pythagoreanism. Berlin & Boston, MA: De Gruyter.
Costache, Doru (2015). Mapping Reality within the Experience of Holiness. In Allen & Neil, 2015, pp. 378-396.
Costache, Doru (2017). Being, Well-being, Being for Ever. Creation’s Existential Trajectory in Patristic Tradition. In Costache, Cronshaw & Harrison, 2017, pp. 55-87.
Costache, Doru (2020). Strange Bedfellows? Orthodox Perspectives on Theology, Spirituality, Science, and Technology. Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Theologia Orthodoxa, 65.2, pp. 5-25.
Costache, Doru, Cronshaw, Darren & Harrison, James R. (eds.) (2017). Well-being, Personal Wholeness and the Social Fabric. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Cuomo, Serafina (2000). Pappus of Alexandria and the Mathematics of Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
de Boor, Carolus (edition) (1883). Theophanis Chronographia, vol. 1. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Declerck, José H. (edition) (1982). Maximi Confessoris quaestiones et dubia. Turnhout: Brepols.
Delehaye, Hippolytus (edition) (1902). Propylaeum ad Acta Sanctorum Novembris. Synaxarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae. Brussels: Socii Bollandiani.
Delouis, Olivier (2008). Église et serment à Byzance: norme et pratique. In Auzépy & Saint-Guillain, 2008, pp. 211-246.
Diehl, Ernestus (edition) (1903-1906). Procli Diadochi in Platonis Timaeum commentaria, 3 vols. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Dindorf, Ludovicus (edition) (1832). Chronicon Paschale, vol. 1. Bonn: Weber.
Doolan, Gregory T. (ed.) (2012). The Science of Being as Being. Metaphysical Investigations. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press.
Dossetti, Giuseppe Luigi (edition) (1967). Il simbolo di Nicea e di Costantinopoli. Rome: Herder.
Draelants, Isabelle, Tihon, Anne & van den Abeele, Baudouin (eds.) (2000). Occident et Proche-Orient: contacts scientifiques au temps des Croisades. Turnhout: Brepols.
Dufault, Olivier (2017). Transmutation Theory and the Dating of the Alchemical Recipe On the Same Divine Water. In Le Moli & Alexidze, 2017, pp. 67-84.
Dufault, Olivier (2019). Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity. Berkeley, CA: California Classical Studies.
Dyer, Joanne, Tamburini, Diego & Sotiropoulou, Sophia (2018). The Identification of Lac as a Pigment in Ancient Greek Polychromy – The Case of a Hellenistic Oinochoe from Canosa di Puglia. Dyes and Pigments, 149, pp. 122-132.
Emery, Gilles & Levering, Matthew (eds.) (2011). The Oxford Handbook of the Trinity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Festugière, André-Jean (1944). La révélation d’Hermès Trismégiste, vol. 1: L’astrologie et les sciences occultes. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Feulner, Hans-Jürgen (ed.) (2013). Liturgies in East and West. Ecumenical Relevance of Early Liturgical Development. Zürich & Berlin: Lit Verlag.
Fowden, Garth (1993). The Egyptian Hermes. A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind. 2nd edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Fraser, Kyle A. (2004). Zosimos of Panopolis and the Book of Enoch. Alchemy as Forbidden Knowledge. Aries, 4.2, pp. 125-147.
Friedlein, Godofredus (edition) (1873). Procli Diadochi in primum Euclidis Elementorum librum commentarii. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Galadza, Daniel (2018). Liturgy and Byzantinization in Jerusalem. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Geffcken, Johannes (edition) (1902). Die Oracula Sibyllina. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Giannouli, Antonia (2019). Hymn Writing in Byzantium: Forms and Writers. In Hörandner, Rhoby & Zagklas, 2019, pp. 487-516.
Gillispie, Coulston Charles (ed.-in-chief) (1974). Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 10. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Goldschmidt, Günther (edition) (1923). Heliodori carmina quattuor ad fidem codicis Casselani. Giessen: A. Töpelmann.
Golitzin, Alexander (2013). Mystagogy. A Monastic Reading of Dionysius Areopagita. Edited by Bogdan G. Bucur. Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications and Liturgical Press.
Grosdidier de Matons, José (edition) (1981). Romanos le Mélode, Hymnes, vol. 5. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.
Grumel, Venance (1923). L’auteur et la date de composition du tropaire Ὁ Μονογενής. Échos d’Orient, 22, pp. 398-418.
Gruner, Christianus Gottfridus (1807). Isidis, Christiani et Pappi philosophi jusjurandum chemicum nunc primum Graece ac Latine editum. Jena: Prager.
Gulmini, Monica et al. (2017). The “Coptic” Textiles of the “Museo Egizio” in Torino (Italy). A Focus on Dyes through a Multi-technique Approach. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 9.4, pp. 485-497.
Gutas, Dimitri (1998). Greek Thought, Arabic Culture. The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ‘Abbāsid Society (2nd-4th/8th-10th Centuries). London & New York: Routledge.
Halleux, Robert (1979). Les textes alchimiques. Turnhout: Brepols.
Halleux, Robert (edition) (1981). Les alchimistes grecs, vol. 1: Papyrus de Leyde, papyrus de Stockholm. Fragments de recettes. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Heikel, Ivar A. (edition) (1902). Eusebius Werke, vol. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Heil, Günter & Ritter, Adolf M. (edition) (2012). Corpus Dionysiacum, vol. 2: Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita. De coelesti hierarchia, De ecclesiastica hierarchia, De mystica theologia, Epistulae. Berlin & Boston, MA: De Gruyter (2nd ed.).
Helmreich, Georgius (edition) (1904). Galeni De temperamentis libri III. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Hendy, Michael F. (1985). Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy, c. 300-1450. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Henry, René (edition) (1959). Photius, Bibliothèque, vol. 1. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Hörandner, Wolfram, Rhoby, Andreas & Zagklas, Nikos (eds.) (2019). A Companion to Byzantine Poetry. Leiden & Boston, MA: Brill.
Humphreys, Mike (ed.) (2021). A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm. Leiden & Boston, MA: Brill.
Janeras, Sebastià (2013). Le tropaire Ὁ Μονογενὴς dans les liturgies orientales et sa signification œcuménique. In Feulner, 2013, pp. 209-223.
Jones, Alexander (edition) (1986). Pappus of Alexandria, Book 7 of the Collection, Part 1: Introduction, Text, and Translation. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Joosse, Albert (ed.) (2021). Olympiodorus of Alexandria. Exegete, Teacher, Platonic Philosopher. Leiden & Boston, MA: Brill.
Kahn, Didier & Matton, Sylvain (eds.) (1995). Alchimie: art, histoire et mythes. Paris & Milan: S.É.H.A. & Archè.
Kaldellis, Anthony & Siniossoglou, Niketas (eds.) (2017). The Cambridge Intellectual History of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Karpenko, Vladimír (1998). Alchemy as donum dei. Hyle – An International Journal for the Philosophy of Chemistry, 4.1, pp. 63-80.
Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.-in-chief) (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3 vols. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Keyser, Paul T. & Irby-Massie, Georgia L. (eds.) (2008). The Encyclopedia of Ancient Natural Scientists. The Greek Tradition and Its Many Heirs. London & New York, Routledge.
Keyser, Paul T. & Scarborough, John (eds.) (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Koetsier, Teun & Bergmans, Luc (eds.) (2005). Mathematics and the Divine. A Historical Study. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Kominko, Maja (2013). The World of Kosmas. Illustrated Byzantine Codices of the Christian Topography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
König, Jason & Woolf, Greg (eds.) (2013). Encyclopaedism from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kotter, Bonifatius (edition) (1988). Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos, vol. 5. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.
Koukoules, Phaidon (1949). Βυζαντινῶν βίος καὶ πολιτισμός, vol. 3. Athens: Collection de l’Institut français d’Athènes.
Koutalis, Vangelis, Martelli, Matteo & Merianos, Gerasimos (2018). Graeco-Egyptian, Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Alchemy. Introductory Remarks. In Nicolaidis, 2018, pp. 11-43.
Kraus, Paul (1942). Jābir ibn Ḥayyān. Contribution à l’histoire des idées scientifiques dans l’Islam, vol. 2. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale.
Kroll, Guilelmus (edition) (1899-1901). Procli Diadochi in Platonis Rem publicam commentarii, 2 vols. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Laga, Carl (edition) (1992). Eustratii presbyteri Vita Eutychii patriarchae Constantinopolitani. Turnhout: Brepols.
Laiou, Angeliki E. (ed.-in-chief) (2002). The Economic History of Byzantium. From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, 3 vols. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
Lamberton, Robert (1986). Homer the Theologian. Neoplatonist Allegorical Reading and the Growth of the Epic Tradition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Lauxtermann, Marc D. (2019). Byzantine Poetry from Pisides to Geometres. Texts and Contexts, vol. 2. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
Lazaris, Stavros (ed.) (2020). A Companion to Byzantine Science. Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill.
Le Boulluec, Alain (edition) (1997). Clément d’Alexandrie, Les Stromates: Stromate VII. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.
Lemerle, Paul (1971). Le premier humanisme byzantin. Notes et remarques sur enseignement et culture à Byzance des origines au Xe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Le Moli, Andrea & Alexidze, Lela (eds.) (2017). Prote Hyle. Notions of Matter in the Platonic and Aristotelian Traditions. Palermo: Palermo University Press.
Letrouit, Jean (1995). Chronologie des alchimistes grecs. In Kahn & Matton, 1995, pp. 11-93.
Lévêque, Pierre (1959). Aurea catena Homeri. Une étude sur l’allégorie grecque. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Lilie, Ralph-Johannes, Ludwig, Claudia, Zielke, Beate & Pratsch, Thomas (2013). Christianos: Χριστιανός. In Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin & Boston, MA: De Gruyter. https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12170/html.
Lindberg, David C. (2007). The Beginnings of Western Science. The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450. Chicago, IL & London: The University of Chicago Press (2nd ed.).
Lloyd, D. Robert (2007). The Chemistry of Platonic Triangles. Problems in the Interpretation of the Timaeus. Hyle – An International Journal for the Philosophy of Chemistry, 13.2, pp. 99-118.
Lockett, Darian (2008a). God and “the World”. Cosmology and Theology in the Letter of James. In Pennington & McDonough, 2008, pp. 144-156.
Lockett, Darian R. (2008b). Purity and Worldview in the Epistle of James. London & New York: T&T Clark.
Lopes da Silveira, Fabiana (2022). In the Melting Pot. Cultural Mixture and the Presentation of Alchemical Knowledge in the Letter from Isis to Horus. Ambix, 69.1, pp. 49-64.
LSJ = Liddell, Henry George, Scott, Robert & Jones, Henry Stuart (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon. Ninth Edition with a Revised Supplement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Magdalino, Paul (2006). L’Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (VIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Lethielleux.
Magdalino, Paul (2011). Orthodoxy and History in Tenth-Century Byzantine “Encyclopedism”. In Van Deun & Macé, 2011, pp. 143-159.
Magdalino, Paul (2013). Byzantine Encyclopaedism of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. In König & Woolf, 2013, pp. 219-231.
Magdalino, Paul (2017a). Astrology. In Kaldellis & Siniossoglou, 2017, pp. 198-214.
Magdalino, Paul (2017b). Humanisme et mécénat impérial aux IXe et Xe siècles. Travaux et mémoires, 21.2, pp. 3-21.
Magdalino, Paul & Mavroudi, Maria (eds.) (2006). The Occult Sciences in Byzantium. Geneva: La Pomme d’or.
Malingrey, Anne-Marie (1961). “Philosophia”. Étude d’un groupe de mots dans la littérature grecque, des Présocratiques au IVe siècle après J.C. Paris: C. Klincksieck.
Mango, Cyril (edition) (1990). Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople, Short History. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
Mango, Cyril & Scott, Roger (translation) (1997). The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284-813. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Marcovich, Miroslav (edition) (1995). Clementis Alexandrini Protrepticus. Leiden: Brill.
Martelli, Matteo (2009). “Divine Water” in the Alchemical Writings of Pseudo-Democritus. Ambix, 56.1, pp. 5-22.
Martelli, Matteo (edition) (2011). Pseudo-Democrito, Scritti alchemici, con il commentario di Sinesio. Paris & Milan: S.É.H.A. & Archè.
Martelli, Matteo (edition and translation) (2013). The Four Books of Pseudo-Democritus. Leeds: Maney Publishing.
Mavroudi, Maria (2002). A Byzantine Book on Dream Interpretation. The Oneirocriticon of Achmet and Its Arabic Sources. Leiden: Brill.
McGuckin, John A. (1994). St. Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy. Its History, Theology, and Texts. Leiden: Brill.
Meredith, Anthony (1999). Gregory of Nyssa. London & New York: Routledge.
Merianos, Gerasimos (2017). Alchemy. In Kaldellis & Siniossoglou, 2017, pp. 234-251.
Merianos, Gerasimos (2021). Αναφορές στην ιατρική στο ελληνικό αλχημικό corpus. In Nikolaou & Gardikas, 2021, pp. 69-88.
Mertens, Michèle (1988). Une scène d’initiation alchimique: la “Lettre d’Isis à Horus”. Revue de l’histoire des religions, 205.1, pp. 3-23.
Mertens, Michèle (edition) (1995). Les Alchimistes grecs, vol. 4.1: Zosime de Panopolis, Mémoires authentiques. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Mertens, Michèle (2006). Graeco-Egyptian Alchemy in Byzantium. In Magdalino & Mavroudi, 2006, pp. 205-230.
Mondzain, Marie-José (2005). Image, Icon, Economy. The Byzantine Origins of the Contemporary Imaginary. Transl. by R. Franses. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Morani, Moreno (edition) (1987). Nemesii Emeseni De natura hominis. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Morrow, Glenn R. (translation) (1970). Proclus, A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Morrow, Glenn R. & Dillon, John M. (translation) (1987). Proclus’ Commentary on Plato’s Parmenides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Mueller, Ian (2005). Mathematics and the Divine in Plato. In Koetsier & Bergmans, 2005, pp. 99-121.
Musurillo, Herbertus (edition) (1964). Gregorii Nysseni De vita Moysis. Gregorii Nysseni Opera 7.1. Leiden: Brill.
Newman, William (1985). The Genesis of the Summa perfectionis. Archives internationales d’histoire des sciences, 35, pp. 240-302.
Newman, William R. (edition) (1991). The Summa perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber. A Critical Edition, Translation and Study. Leiden: Brill.
Newman, William R. (1994). Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey, An American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard University Press.
Newman, William R. (2004). Promethean Ambitions. Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL & London.
Newman, William R. (2019). Newton the Alchemist. Science, Enigma, and the Quest for Nature’s “Secret Fire”. Princeton, NJ & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Niarchos, Constantine (1985). The Concept of “Participation” according to Proclus, with Reference to the Criticism of Nicolaus of Methone. Diotima, 13, pp. 78-94.
Nichanian, Mikaël (2008). Iconoclasme et prestation de serment à Byzance: du contrôle social à la Nouvelle Alliance. In Auzépy & Saint-Guillain, 2008, pp. 81-101.
Nicolaidis, Efthymios (ed.) (2018). Greek Alchemy from Late Antiquity to Early Modernity. Turnhout: Brepols.
Nicolaidis, Efthymios, Delli, Eudoxie, Livanos, Nikolaos, Tampakis, Kostas & Vlahakis, George (2016). Science and Orthodox Christianity. An Overview. Isis, 107.3, pp. 542-566.
Nikolaou, Katerina & Gardikas, Katerina (eds.) (2021). Ἰατρικὴ θεραπεία ἔστι μέν που καὶ σώματος, ἔστι δ’ ἄρα καὶ ψυχῆς. Όψεις της Ιατρικής στο Βυζάντιο. Athens: Department of History and Archaeology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
Nummedal, Tara (2007). Alchemy and Authority in the Holy Roman Empire. Chicago, IL & London: The University of Chicago Press.
Odorico, Paolo (1990). La cultura della Συλλογή. 1) Il cosiddetto enciclopedismo bizantino. 2) Le tavole del sapere di Giovanni Damasceno. Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 83.1, pp. 1-21.
Odorico, Paolo (2011). Cadre d’exposition / cadre de pensée: la culture du recueil. In Van Deun & Macé, 2011, pp. 89-107.
Odorico, Paolo (2017). Du premier humanisme à l’encyclopédisme: une construction à revoir. Travaux et mémoires, 21.2, pp. 23-42.
Oikonomides, Nicolas (2002). The Role of the Byzantine State in the Economy. In Laiou, 2002, III, pp. 973-1058.
O’Meara, Dominic J. (1989). Pythagoras Revived. Mathematics and Philosophy in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
O’Meara, Dominic J. (1991). Philosophy. In Kazhdan, 1991, III, pp. 1658-1661.
O’Meara, Dominic J. (2005). Geometry and the Divine in Proclus. In Koetsier & Bergmans, 2005, pp. 133-145.
O’Meara, Dominic (2012). The Transformation of Metaphysics in Late Antiquity. In Doolan, 2012, pp. 36-52.
O’Meara, Dominic (2017). Conceptions of Science in Byzantium. In Kaldellis & Siniossoglou, 2017, pp. 169-182.
Papathanassiou, Μaria K. (1990). Stephanus of Alexandria. Pharmaceutical Notions and Cosmology in His Alchemical Work. Ambix, 37.3, pp. 121-133.
Papathanassiou, Μaria K. (1996). Stephanus of Alexandria. On the Structure and Date of His Alchemical Work. Medicina nei secoli, 8.2, pp. 247-266.
Papathanassiou, Μaria K. (2005). L’œuvre alchimique de Stéphanos d’Alexandrie: structure et transformations de la matière, unité et pluralité, l’énigme des philosophes. In Viano, 2005a, pp. 113-133.
Papathanassiou, Μaria K. (edition) (2017). Stephanos von Alexandreia und sein alchemistisches Werk: Die kritische Edition des griechischen Textes eingeschlossen. Athens: Cosmosware.
Papathanassiou, Maria K. (2018). Stéphanos d’Alexandrie. La tradition patristique dans son œuvre alchimique. In Nicolaidis, 2018, pp. 71-97.
Papathanassiou, Maria K. (2020). The Occult Sciences in Byzantium. In Lazaris, 2020, pp. 464-495.
Pennington, Jonathan T. & McDonough, Sean M. (eds.) (2008). Cosmology and New Testament Theology. London & New York: T&T Clark.
Pérez Martín, Inmaculada (2017). Byzantine Books. In Kaldellis & Siniossoglou, 2017, pp. 37-46.
Pfister, Rodolphe (1936). Matériaux pour servir au classement des Textiles Égyptiens postérieurs à la Conquête Arabe. Revue des arts asiatiques, 10.1, pp. 1-16; 10.2, pp. 73-85.
PG 100 = Migne, Jacques-Paul (edition) (1865). Patrologiae Cursus Completus. Series Graeca, vol. 100. Paris: J.-P. Migne.
Pistelli, Hermenegildus (edition) (1888). Iamblichi Protrepticus ad fidem codicis Florentini. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Portaru, Marius (2015). Classical Philosophical Influences. Aristotle and Platonism. In Allen & Neil, 2015, pp. 127-148.
Principe, Lawrence M. (2013). The Secrets of Alchemy. Chicago, IL & London: The University of Chicago Press.
Rapp, Claudia (2016). Brother-Making in Late Antiquity and Byzantium. Monks, Laymen, and Christian Ritual. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Reichardt, Gualterus (edition) (1897). Joannis Philoponi De opificio mundi libri VII. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Riches, Aaron (2016). Ecce Homo. On the Divine Unity of Christ. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans.
Riedweg, Christoph (2005). Pythagoras. His Life, Teaching, and Influence. Transl. by Steven Rendall in collaboration with Christoph Riedweg & Andreas Schatzmann. Ithaca, NY & London: Cornell University Press.
Riedweg, Christoph (2013). Approaching Pythagoras of Samos. Ritual, Natural Philosophy and Politics. In Cornelli, McKirahan & Macris, 2013, pp. 47-60.
Roberts, Alexandre M. (2019). Framing a Middle Byzantine Alchemical Codex. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 73, pp. 69-102.
Roberts, Alexandre M. (2020). A Greek Alchemical Epigram in Its Middle Byzantine Context. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 83, pp. 1-36.
Roberts, Alexandre M. (2022). Byzantine Engagement with Islamicate Alchemy. Isis, 113.3, pp. 559-580.
Rochow, Ilse (1994). Kaiser Konstantin V (741-775). Materialien zu seinem Leben und Nachleben. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang.
Russell, Norman (2004). The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Saffrey, Henri Dominique (1981). Présentation. In Halleux, 1981, pp. vii-xv.
Saffrey, Henri Dominique (1995). Historique et description du manuscrit alchimique de Venise Marcianus Graecus 299. In Kahn & Matton, 1995, pp. 1-10.
Schamp, Jacques (1987). Photios, historien des lettres. La Bibliothèque et ses notices biographiques. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Singer, Peter N., van der Eijk, Philip J. & Tassinari, Piero (translation) (2018). Galen, Works on Human Nature, vol. 1. Mixtures (De temperamentis). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Siorvanes, Lucas (1996). Proclus. Neo-Platonic Philosophy and Science. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Smith, J. Warren (2011). The Trinity in the Fourth-Century Fathers. In Emery & Levering, 2011, pp. 109-122.
Steel, Carlos (edition) (2007-2009). Procli in Platonis Parmenidem commentaria, 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stephanides, Michael K. (1927). Μουσικὴ καὶ χρυσοποιία κατὰ τοὺς βυζαντινοὺς χυμευτάς. Ἐπετηρὶς Ἑταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν, 4, pp. 39-45.
Strohmaier, Gotthard (1991). ‘Umāra ibn Ḥamza, Constantine V, and the Invention of the Elixir. Graeco-Arabica, 4, pp. 21-24.
Svoronos, Nicolas G. (1951). Le serment de fidélité à l’empereur byzantin et sa signification constitutionnelle. Revue des études byzantines, 9, pp. 106-142.
Tannery, Paul (1896). Sur la religion des derniers mathématiciens de l’antiquité. Annales de philosophie chrétienne, 34, pp. 26-36.
Tartaglia, Luigi (edition) (2016). Georgii Cedreni Historiarum compendium, 2 vols. Rome: Bardi.
Thurn, Ioannes (edition) (2000). Ioannis Malalae Chronographia. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.
Tihon, Anne (2017). Astronomy. In Kaldellis & Siniossoglou, pp. 183-197.
Van Deun, Peter & Macé, Caroline (eds.) (2011). Encyclopedic Trends in Byzantium? Leuven: Peeters & Departement Oosterse Studies.
Ver Eecke, Paul (1933). Pappus d’Alexandrie. La collection mathématique, vol. 1. Paris & Bruges: Desclée de Brouwer.
Viano, Cristina (1996). Aristote et l’alchimie grecque: la transmutation et le modèle aristotélicien entre théorie et pratique. Revue d’histoire des sciences, 49.2-3, pp. 189-213.
Viano, Cristina (ed.) (2005a). L’alchimie et ses racines philosophiques. La tradition grecque et la tradition arabe. Paris: Vrin.
Viano, Cristina (2005b). Les alchimistes gréco-alexandrins et le Timée de Platon. In Viano, 2005a, pp. 91-107.
Viano, Cristina (2008). Anonymous Alchemist “Christianus” (500-800 CE?). In Keyser & Irby-Massie, 2008, pp. 87-88.
Viano, Cristina (2018). Byzantine Alchemy, or the Era of Systematization. In Keyser & Scarborough, 2018, pp. 943-964.
Viano, Cristina (2021). Olympiodorus and Greco-Alexandrian Alchemy. In Joosse, 2021, pp. 14-30.
von Lippmann, Edmund Oscar (1919). Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, vol. 1. Berlin: Julius Springer.
Wellesz, Egon (1951). Music in the Treatises of Greek Gnostics and Alchemists. Ambix, 4.3-4, pp. 145-158.
Westerink, Leendert Gerrit (edition) (1970). Olympiodori in Platonis Gorgiam commentaria. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Whitby, Michael & Whitby, Mary (translation) (1989). Chronicon Paschale, 284-628 AD. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Wolska-Conus, Wanda (edition) (1968-1973). Cosmas Indicopleustès, Topographie chrétienne, 3 vols. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.
Zalta, Edward N. (ed.) (2022). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2022 Edition). https://plato.stanford.edu.
Los autores conservan los derechos de autor de sus textos y todos los derechos de publicación sin restricciones.
Los documentos incluyen desde 2021 la licencia Creative Commons 4.0: Atribución–No Comercial–Sin Obra Derivada (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Los documentos anteriores incluyen la licencia Creative Commons 3.0: Atribución-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)
