Derechos bioculturales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2026.10384Palabras clave:
Derechos bioculturales, pueblos indígenas, comunidades locales, derechos de la naturaleza, conservación del ambienteResumen
Los derechos bioculturales son el conjunto de derechos colectivos que los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales necesitan para mantener –si así lo desean– su relación de custodia con la naturaleza. Este conjunto de derechos, necesarios para permitirles tener acceso seguro y uso de sus tierras y aguas, la posibilidad de conservar sus prácticas culturales, lingüísticas y sociales, y la posibilidad de autodeterminar sus normas e instituciones locales, se ha concebido, a partir de la interpretación del derecho ambiental internacional y de la y la jurisprudencia de Altas Cortes como un conjunto de derechos de doble fundamento, esto es, destinados a proteger tanto los intereses de los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales como los de la naturaleza. Por lo anterior, se materializan a través de dos dimensiones: como derechos al ambiente y como deberes de protección hacia el ambiente. En este ensayo se describe brevemente el desarrollo teórico de los derechos bioculturales y se analizarán sus fundamentos jurídicos y las consecuencias que tiene el hecho de que se justifiquen en dos conjuntos de intereses diferentes. Esta doble fundamentación se analizará con un enfoque crítico, prestando atención a las consecuencias de estar fundamentados en dos conjuntos de titulares de intereses y extrayendo conclusiones diferentes para los pueblos indígenas –titulares de derechos indígenas– y para las comunidades locales –que no son reconocidas por el derecho internacional como titulares de derechos que no están directamente relacionados con la protección de la naturaleza o de prácticas ambientalmente relevantes.
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Università degli Studi di Palermo
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