FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género
La Revista FEMERIS tiene por objeto divulgar estudios doctrinales y rigurosos sobre género en el ámbito de todas las disciplinas, entre ellas, la historia, la filosofía, las ciencias jurídicas, las ciencias sociales y ciencias de la información, entre otras. Se publica con una periodicidad semestral por el Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (número 1 y 3) y una vez al año (número 2) por la Asociación Española de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social. Lista de evaluadores 2024/ Referees 2024 Articulos recibidos/aceptados 2024- Acceptance/rejection of articles 2024 Formato de evaluación / Reviewers' format
Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Femeris es una revista editada por Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, con EISSN 2530-2442 Los textos publicados en esta revista están –si no se indica lo contrario– bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución/Reconocimiento- NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
Blasco Jover, Carolina. Problemas y retos pendientes en el ejercicio de los derechos de conciliación
Copyright (c) 2026 Instituto de Estudios de Género (Universidad Carlos III) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nieto Rojas, Patricia. La articulación de la negociación colectiva en materia de igualdad. Del convenio sectorial al protocolo empresarial.
Teresa Sandoval Martín y Clara Sainz de Baranda. El género entre algoritmos. Rediseñando el futuro de la IA en comunicación y ciencia
Natalia Herrero Tomás. Ética empresarial y trabajo decente en la era digital
Arruti Benito, Sara. La transversalidad de género como garantía de tutela judicial efectiva: desafiando el paradigma androcéntrico
Soler Campo, Sandra. Mujeres músicas: dificultades, avances y metas a alcanzar en el siglo XXI.
This article examines the evolution of hydrotherapeutic knowledge in nineteenth-century Spain through a critical lens that brings together the history of medicine, cultural studies, and gender studies. By analyzing a diverse range of printed sources—including general and women’s press, specialized publications, medical treatises, advertisements, and literary texts—it explores how hydrotherapy was employed to discipline, shape, and pathologize the female body in both public and domestic spaces. The first section outlines the institutional and theoretical framework in which narratives of regeneration—primarily moral and social— were embedded, promoted by European hygienist and biological discourses. The second part analyzes the main types of baths and hydrological therapies, along with their medical applications and social implications. Finally, the article offers a brief overview of literary and journalistic texts that shed light on the socioeconomic dynamics surrounding life in spa resorts.
This article examines the role of Local Police forces in protecting victims of gender-based violence in Spain through their integration into the VIOGEN system. Using a comparative study of two municipalities—Jaca (Huesca) and Cocentaina (Alicante)—we analyze functions, available resources, inter-institutional coordination practices, and barriers that limit municipal responses. The methodology combined documentary review and semistructured interviews with officers responsible for gender violence. Findings indicate that Local Police provide territorial proximity, contextual knowledge and immediate response capacity, but effectiveness depends on training, technological resources and stable coordination forums. Recommendations focus on improving training, interoperability and institutionalizing joint working spaces
Going against the grain? Narratives of female academics
This article presents the main findings of a qualitative narrative research project whose objective was to analyze the experiences of twenty female academics from the Faculty of Psychology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico regarding their conditions and experiences related to their gender. The research was conducted through interviews aimed at inquiring about support networks, academic and administrative processes, factors that hinder or facilitate the academic career, work-related constraints, and expressions of gender-based violence. The academics’ narratives show that, while the explicit curriculum prioritizes the eradication of gender-based violence and the creation of safe and egalitarian spaces, such violence persists in the so-called hidden curriculum. An example of this is the assignment of a greater number of leadership positions to men, even though the teaching staff is predominantly made up of women. Likewise, their careers have been evaluated from a linear and uninterrupted perspective, ignoring the breaks they’ve had to take due to family care and maternity, which has impacted on their professional development and job stability. Ultimately, promoting a culture of reporting remains a challenge, as fear of retaliation, ignorance of the necessary procedures and protocols for handling complaints, and distrust of the processes and authorities responsible for following up on complaints persist, as influence peddling and nepotism are sometimes present.
Family satisfaction and stress in a sample of adult women and their implications in the educational setting
Divorce is a stressful family event that can have lasting negative effects on children, even in adulthood. In this context, the marital breakdown of parents can influence the emotional and relational development of children, making the figure of a stable partner fundamental in adult life, since it provides a model of affective relationships that can affect emotional well-being and the ability to establish healthy bonds. The research included 233 women, aged between 26 and 60 years (mean = 34.21 years), and used a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Family Stress and Satisfaction Scale, and the Adult Attachment Questionnaire. The objectives of the study were to analyze the relationship between parental divorce and stress and family satisfaction, as well as to explore the influence of having or not having a stable partner on the dimensions of adult attachment. The results showed that women from divorced families experienced greater family stress and lower family satisfaction compared to those whose parents had not divorced. In addition, family stress was negatively linked to family satisfaction and positively linked to emotional self-sufficiency and hostile resolution. On the other hand, family satisfaction was positively related to the expression of feelings and negatively to family stress and low self-esteem. As for women without a stable partner, they presented higher scores in low self-esteem, need for approval, fear of rejection, emotional selfsufficiency and discomfort with intimacy. Given that no previous studies had been conducted on this topic, this work could provide valuable information and open up new lines of research.
Affective Reeducation and Access to Resources
Gender-based violence against older women has historically been rendered invisible within intervention frameworks and public policies. Despite having experienced prolonged periods of violence, these women are often left out of institutional focus due to both structural factors and social representations that view them as detached from desire, affectivity, or the capacity for change. The weight of traditional gender mandates, and especially of romantic love myths, acts as a deep barrier to recognizing violence and making decisions that involve breaking with learned relational models. This article offers a critical analysis of current intervention models, particularly in relation to protection plans and recovery timelines. Drawing on both theoretical and practical perspectives, it proposes an alternative model focused on group support, affective educational intervention, and the need to rethink protection processes from a more comprehensive, flexible, and context-sensitive approach tailored to the realities of older women.
Points to consider to imagine a colombian criminal procedure system from a gender perspective
The article that follows aims to outline the key points to consider to reformulate the Colombian criminal procedural system from a sex-gender and ethnic-racial perspective. To do this, it starts from the consideration of the mixed criminal procedural system with an accusatory tendency as a form of affirmative action and, from there, develops a historical account of the legal-political foundation of the criminal procedural system. This journey goes through the relationship between identity and colonization, the change in the nascent States of law, the foundation of guaranteeism and the turn towards the constitutional State of law, to end with the analysis of the points that must be reviewed in Law 906 of 2004 from an intersectional perspective.
Violence against women through the metaphor "slut"
This article analyzes a purpose-built corpus of 135 metaphorical items of “vixen” extracted from newspaper articles dealing with gender-based violence published in Spain between May 2020- May 2024 (included). The study adopts the Metaphor Identification Procedure (Steen et al., 2010) for the compilation and annotation of the corpus. Using Conceptual Metaphor Theory as the methodological framework, which underscores the pivotal role played by metaphor in shaping both cognition and action (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Kövecses, 2002; Mussolf, 2012), the article shows how male batterers resort to “vixen” to dehumanize, sexualize and debase physically, intellectually, and morally women. “Vixen”, ultimately, becomes a discursive weapon to hurt women verbally, psychologically, and physically
Evaluation of Transphobic Attitudes in Teachers. A Factor Analysis
Attitudes towards trans people have been poorly studied and aimed at the general population and young people, however, despite the centrality of the attitudes of teachers in the development of children ́s identity, they have not been sufficiently analyzed. It is therefore essential to have tools that allow us to know the attitudes of teachers towards transgender people. In order to more precisely explore the psychometric characteristics of the Nagoshi et al. Transphobia Scale (2008), consisting of a total of 9 items, and check whether the model is composed of a single factor or several, this research shows the results of the exploratory factor analysis carried out on a sample made up of 1295 teachers. In order to adapt the scale to the trans reality and the social and theoretical advances, we have had to reformulate two of the items that make up the scale. The results obtained show how the scale presents two factors, the first that corresponds to the attitudes of non-acceptance of the gender identity of the trans person, due to beliefs related with biologism, and the second that is associated with the rejection of what is considered to be non-normative.
Copyright (c) 2025 Instituto de Estudios de Género (Universidad Carlos III)
Notes on the decisions of international bodies in relation to international gender-based protection
Gender-based persecution refers to situations in which women are the object of violence, discrimination or persecution because they are women. This paper addresses the analysis carried out by various international bodies on gender-related claims for asylum and refuge. The purpose of this article is to determine whether the treatment received by women who turn to international bodies in order to halt their expulsion processes once the procedural process in the States parties to international instruments has been completed is consistent. To this end, the decisions of the Committee that oversees compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union will be analysed.
Theoretical foundations of honour-based violence. Review of the state of the art
Honor crimes are a form of violence committed to restore family or community honor through punishment, in the face of non-compliance with norms of sexual conduct imposed on women for cultural, religious or gender-based reasons. This research presents the results of a systematic review conducted in two databases -Scopus and WoS- on literatura published between 2016 and 2023 about the theoretical foundations of honor-based violence, composed of 40 articles. The results reveal the complex interaction between cultural traditions, religious parameters and patriarchal socialization archetypes that legitimize this violence and identify two types of approaches. On the one hand, the culturalist ones, which conceive it as an expression of religious traditions and mandates, by virtue of which these crimes are either justified by the community, leading to the attenuation or exclusion of criminal responsibility, or are criminally repudiated, leading to the segregation of these cultures. On the other hand, those who characterize it as a manifestation of gender violence as well as a serious attack on human rights, attributing its production to patriarchal systems of gender discrimination, who propose the criminal prosecution of those who practice it. It is concluded that, although the majority characterize it as gender violence, there is consensus that the institutional response should not perpetuate the oppression of the women who suffer it, but rather promote respect for local forms of resistance that foster their autonomy. Thus, in addition to the criminal proscription of honor crimes, preventive and culturally sensitive state
María Victoria Steffany Montoya Rodríguez
Gender violence online. Moving towards digital equity?
Abstract. In the context of a growing trend of violence against women and the sex-gender diverse community in digital spaces, this research analyzes the current state of legislation and public policies aimed at preventing and addressing Digital Gender-Based Violence in four Latin American countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. Through a comparative legislative analysis and a review of public policies, the study identifies progress, limitations, and challenges, with the aim of promoting more effective actions that foster gender equity and non-discrimination in digital environments. The theoretical framework is grounded in studies on criminology, gender, and digital communication, addressing online violence as an extension of offline violence against women. The methodology combines a literature review and legal analysis. Findings indicate that while there is a latent concern—expressed through legislative efforts at varying stages of development—existing measures have limited scope, both in their formulation and implementation. Moreover, gaps in public policy are identified, particularly the absence of comprehensive and cross-cutting preventive approaches from a gender perspective. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of advancing towards more robust legal frameworks and public policies that go beyond punitive measures and prioritize the effective prevention of online gender-based violence, while promoting safe and inclusive digital environments. It also highlights the urgent need to address this issue as a real and pressing phenomenon, with tangible impacts on the lives of women and vulnerable communities. This research is part of an ongoing doctoral project that seeks to analyze women’s online victimization, their interactions, victimization experiences, and perceived risks in virtual social networks.
Assessment of psychological symptoms in Mexican women victims of digital violence. A descriptive study with LSB-50 results
Digital violence is a set of attacks against vulnerable groups through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and cyberspace, leaving physical, psychological, and social consequences. The present study aimed to evaluate the presence and severity of symptoms in Mexican women who have experienced digital violence. To this end, a quantitative approach was used, applying the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-50), with which statistical analyses were performed to describe and synthesise the data obtained from 262 participants, with an average age of 29.56 years (SD = 10.842). Most of the participants came from the State of Mexico (46.60%). The results showed significant scores on all scales of the test, with a predominance of symptoms of anxiety (An, PC=98), psychoreactivity (Pr, PC=96) and obsession-compulsion (Ob, PC=96). Likewise, a considerably high global severity index (GLOBAL) was recorded in psychosomatic and psychopathological conditions (PC=95), together with a marked level of psychopathological manifestations and syndromes (NUM, PC=96). The degree of intensity (INT) of symptoms was notable (PC=70). Finally, the psychopathological risk index reflected the significant presence of symptoms linked to the psychopathological clinical population, showing signs of devaluation, misunderstanding, fear, somatisation and hostility with suicidal ideas. These findings underscore the seriousness of the impact that violence has on women.
Writing as a space for women's expression
Historically, it has been accepted as statistical evidence that women have a lower chess performance than men. Multiple theories have been proposed to support this assumption: the lower participation of women in chess relative to men, the different cognitive abilities according to gender, the lower number of games played by women when leaving this discipline earlier than men, the lower participation of women in deliberate practice activities, or by age and the number of games played in a given period. This article analyzes the effect of the difference between female and male elo from 2012 to 2023, the chess performance gap between men and women by country, and the variation in the average performance of chess players by gender and age. It is shown that the variables of the chess player’s place of residence and age have an effect on the average performance of chess players, far greater than that traditionally associated with gender. In fact, in this article it has been determined that there is an age period (between 34 and 42 years old) in which women play chess better than men, on average.
Review of the Panel on 'Care Policies and Social Security'
Reseña crítica de “Mujeres y diversidades en las ciencias: Datos, relatos y narrativas”
Franklin, Sarah (2022). Embodied Progress. A Cultural Account of Assisted Conception
Fe de erratas a la referencia bibliográfica de Antonio Álvarez del Cuvillo
The gender gap(s) in self-generated contributory pensions
An analysis of the differences in pensions between women and men is presented, based on the data. The pension gap is assessed, whose most direct origin lies in the wage gap and the working conditions of women. Subsequently, legislative remedies are examined to avoid the effects of these circumstances on pensions.
Incompatibility of SOVI retirement pension and widow’s pension of the general regime, indirect discrimination and unacceptable and unjustified social security gender gap
While the retirement pension under the General Regime is fully compati­ble with the widow’s pension under the same General Regime (with the only limit being the maximum pension), the SOVI retirement pension has a stricter compatibility regime with the widow’s pension under the General Regime. Given that the SOVI retirement pension is mainly received by women, while the General Regime retirement pension is mainly received by men, a situation of indirect discrimination on the basis of sex arises, which leads to a gender gap in social security. Given the limited effectiveness of a possible judicial solution, it would be neces­sary to intervene legislatively to eliminate this gap.
The Principle of Non-Discrimination and Multiple Discrimination as International Human Rights Standards Applicable in Land Restitution Policy
In this article, the main objective is to know if the land restitution policy in Colombia complies with international standards that establish that reparative measures for women victims of human rights violations must be designed and executed with a differential approach to guarantee the non-discrimination and equality between men and women. Thus, on the one hand, international human rights standards on equality and non-discrimination and the concept of multiple discrimination are analyzed; On the other hand, the design of the gender approach in Law 1448/2011 is studied, as well as its execution in the judicial stage. Methodologically, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, in addition to the review and study of the documentary source and the comparison with research from other regions, the sentences on restitution cases of the department of Santander in a specific time frame were analyzed. It is concluded on the one hand that, although the regulatory measures with a diffe­rential gender approach have been designed in compliance with most of the standards, they should be applied with greater rigor and precision. The number of court orders issued with this approach is small. On the other hand, the concept of multiple discrimination should be used as a hermeneutical tool, since it would make the recognition of the fundamental right to restitution for victims of the armed conflict more effective, and thus adequately comply with the international standard in rights. human rights on equality and non-discrimination.
Chronicle of the Spanish Constitutional Court Case on equality rights (year 2024)
This study analyzes the rulings issued by the Constitutional Court in 2024 pursuant to the principle of equality and non-discrimination. The study focuses on the most relevant rulings in this area issued by the Constitutional Court in 2024.
Constitutional Court of Justice of Spain