FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género
La Revista FEMERIS tiene por objeto divulgar estudios doctrinales y rigurosos sobre género en el ámbito de todas las disciplinas, entre ellas, la historia, la filosofía, las ciencias jurídicas, las ciencias sociales y ciencias de la información, entre otras. Se publica con una periodicidad semestral por el Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (número 1 y 3) y una vez al año (número 2) por la Asociación Española de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social. Lista de evaluadores 2024/ Referees 2024 Articulos recibidos/aceptados 2024- Acceptance/rejection of articles 2024 Formato de evaluación / Reviewers' format
Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Femeris es una revista editada por Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, con EISSN 2530-2442 Los textos publicados en esta revista están –si no se indica lo contrario– bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución/Reconocimiento- NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
Se rebeller contre la norme. Personnages féminins dans El Valdemaro de Vicente Martínez Colomer (1792) et La Filósofa por amor de Francisco de Tójar (1799)
El Valdemaro (1792) et La filósofa por amor (1799) sont certes deux romans écrits par des hommes, ce qui pourrait paraître surprenant dans le contexte d’une publication liée aux Ve Journées Ellas toman la pluma. Ce serait cependant ignorer, d’une part, que le nombre des romans espagnols du XVIIIe siècle en général est assez réduit, même lorsqu’il s’agit d’originaux écrits par des hommes, et, d’autre part, que, même s’il est vrai que la présence d’une voix féminine commence à émerger dans les dernières décennies du siècle, elle se limite en grande partie à la traduction. Ce qui importe dès lors dans cet article n’est pas tant la perspective de genre en matière d’écriture, mais plutôt la question de la modélisation des figures féminines qui passe par des protagonistes rebelles en rupture avec les conventions de l’époque, des protagonistes qui sont l‘annonce d’une certaine modernité. Et le fait que des auteurs masculins donnent la parole à des figures féminines au moment où elles s’émancipent de la volonté patriarcale pour conquérir des espaces de liberté nous éclaire précisément sur les débats en cours à l’époque dans la vie réelle, alors que la transition progressive des anciens modèles vers d’autres préfigure un courant littéraire qui s’épanouira au XIXe siècle.
Copyright (c) 2026 Instituto de Estudios de Género (Universidad Carlos III) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Rodríguez Mesa, Francisco José (2024). Perigynaecon. Acerca de las mujeres. Estudio, edición crítica y traducción
Space and women in videogames. A narratological analysis
This article explores the representation of women in videogames through a narratological approach, aiming to highlight the contributions of female creators and characters in a predominantly male-dominated industry that is becoming increasingly relevant. To this end, four videogames with female protagonists and in whose creation processes women have been involved have been analysed: Amour Sucré (2011), Life is Strange (2015), Horizon Zero Dawn (2017) and Unpacking (2021). The work delves into topics such as the indivisibility of space and time (chronotope), the relationship between nature and femininity (eco-feminism), the boundary between the public and the private, and their impact on player engagement. The conclusions drawn from the analysed works provide a disruptive narrative insight that advocates for the representation of women within the industry and in public spaces. They also demonstrate how videogames are not just mere pieces of entertainment but a complex narrative space in which spatial elements play a significant role in character development and vice versa. These conclusions pave the way for future research in the field of videogames through a gender-oriented analysis that transcends storytelling or in-game aspects, like online chats or in-person events.
Women in transmedia culture. Representations and cyberfeminism
Feminist discourses and expressions have diversified their mediums and flooded digital platforms as a direct consequence of the transmedia revolution and the cultural democratization it entails. In the hybrid space that stretches from screen to page, artivism and feminism converge to create a fertile ecosystem where illustration expands to adapt to the dynamics of the digital habitus. This study maps the visual narratives created by women whose profiles and social media posts embody the principles of contemporary cyberfeminism. Since 2018, these illustrations have spread, circulated, and flourished on Instagram, where they shape an accessible, viral, and participatory feminism capable of generating communities of resistance and sisterhood committed to the deconstruction and reconstruction of female identity. Through humor, irony, and social critique, the authors subvert gender stereotypes and promote women’s empowerment in everyday life. The hybridity between analog and digital media amplifies the reach of their messages and enables a critical reinterpretation of the role of women in contemporary culture. In this context, cyberfeminism emerges as a tool for transformation and resignification in the public sphere.
Women who speak about Artificial Intelligence in the Spanish digital press (2017-2021). Gender gaps in news sources
This research aims to study news articles about Artificial Intelligence published in Spanish digital newspapers to determine whether there is a gender gap in news sources in relation to the proportion of women and men, the topics they address, their occupations, and the relationship between the gender of the journalist and that of the source. The final sample consisted of 4,132 sources extracted from 2,548 news items published between January 2017 and December 2021. Our results reveal that only 23.59% of the sources are women; that there is a correlation between the gender of the journalist and that of the source; and that the professional category, position, or social status of the source differs depending on whether the source is a man or a woman. The main contribution of this research lies in the fact that, in addition to quantifying the presence of women as news sources, it also incorporates –unlike previous studies– a detailed analysis of the occupation, professional category, and hierarchical or social position of the cited individuals. This approach allows us to observe not only who speaks in news coverage of Artificial Intelligence, but also from what symbolic and professional position they do so. The combination of gender and status dimensions reveals that inequalities extend beyond the mere number of female voices, encompassing the spaces of authority from which media discourse is constructed. This perspective helps capture, within the media sphere, the reflection of the persistent horizontal segregation in the scientific and technological fields. The results show that female sources are more frequently cited in topics such as equality, education, and culture, while male sources predominate in areas such as robotics, economics, politics, or software development –thus reproducing gender stereotypes in the selection of voices and in the legitimization of expert knowledge.
Female empowerment through journalistic writing in 1930s Europe. Foreign female reporters and the Spanish Civil
The Spanish Civil War received unprecedented media coverage. Representatives from Europe’s largest media outlets quickly travelled to the country to cover what was clearly a major conflict for interwar Europe. Among them were women journalists, still often overlooked or ignored, who, between 1936 and 1939, used journalism as a means of raising awareness of the events unfolding in Spain, as a cornerstone of their support for the Spanish Republic, and as a tool for emancipation and personal fulfilment in the traditionally maledominated world of international reporting. This study will focus on three journalists who covered the war as special correspondents for various French and English publications (Le Petit Parisien, Vendredi, Ce Soir, Regards, L’Humanité or The Manchester Guardian): Andrée Viollis, Nancy Cunard and Simone Téry. After emphasising that the war was the culmination of a powerful connection with writing that had begun many years earlier for these three women, we will show that the 1936-1939 conflict represented the definitive affirmation of a common conception of reporting and female war reporting for these three women.
References to women in the grammatical examples of the 1917 GRAE
This work is a continuation of two previous studies (Escudero Paniagua, 2024a and 2024b), which quantified and analyzed the presence of female references in the examples used in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century RAE grammars (GRAE). This study aims to further explore the topic by analyzing the first landmark edition of the academic gramar of the twentieth century, the GRAE 1917, with the goal of determining whether any changes occurred and investigating whether the sociopolitical changes experienced in early twentiethcentury Spain affected (and in what way) the number of references to women in gramatical examples or the image of women projected by the Academy. A methodology similar to that of the previous studies was followed for both the quantification and analysis of references. The study is based on the idea that the sociocultural and political changes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries–particularly the gradual inclusion of women in public life, employment, and education, as well as the rise of suffragist and feminist movements and institutions in Spain– should have led to greater visibility of women in general and, specifically, in the examples used in the GRAE. However, although the overall increase in examples resulted in a higher number of references to women, the percentage data (i.e., in relation to the total number of references to men and women) show little change in this regard compared to nineteenth-century editions of the academic grammar. The conservatism of the institution, therefore, continued to have a decisive impact on the limited renewal of this sociocultural and ideological aspect of exemplification.
Women teachers in the Southeast of Madrid in the 19th century through the documents kept in the Regional Archive of Madrid, the Municipal Archive of Arganda del Rey and the Municipal Historical Archive of Chinchón
During the Enlightenment, marked by gender differences, the crown promoted education to encourage the development of science and research. However, it was not until the second half of the 19th century, with the Moyano Law (1857), that public primary education for girls became compulsory. Thanks to a succession of new educational policies, the incorporation and permanence of girls in school progressively took place, as well as the entry of women into the teaching profession. All these changes are reflected in documents about female teachers and written by female teachers in the 19th century, preserved in municipal archives. In this work, we have designed a documentary corpus consisting of 38 documents written or signed by female teachers from Arganda del Rey, Chinchón, Fuentidueña del Tajo, San Martin de la Vega and Valdaracete, municipalities that make up the southeast of the Community of Madrid. These documents inform us about the circumstances and the activity of the rural teachers, among them we find receipts for purchases made, letters or requests from the teachers to the town hall, appointment files, lists of expenses and income of the girls’ school, lists of pupils and, above all, to a greater extent, inventories of school material. Our objective is to know the daily practice of the teachers through the inventoried school material, as well as to know their inner-history and graphic uses reflected in the documents they wrote.
Gender-sensitive variation in letters of appeal (20th century). Some notes on directive and expressive speech acts
In this paper, we aim to examine certain aspects of the history of women’s language through a corpus of letters dating from the first quarter of the 20th century and composed around historical events related to the Rif War (1909–1927). To achieve this objective, we have carried out a contrastive analysis in which we have examined fifty letters, twenty-five from men and twenty-five from women, and we have studied some issues related to the lin guistic formulation of the requests expressed in them, considering generolectal variation. The examination determines that there is no apparent variation in the formulation of the requests, but there is in the construction of the apology.
«Lafalta de buestra carta - metine con mucho cuydado». Graphic study of a corpus of eighteenth-century letters written by the aragonese María Francisca Ric y Pueyo (1746-1819)
This article presents an analysis of the orthographic tendencies specific to the enlightened nun, M.ª Francisca Ric y Pueyo (1746–1819). Following a brief biographical section introducing this figure and the corpus under study, the paper details the main features observed in the vowels, consonants, capitalization, accentuation, punctuation, and use of abbreviations found in the analyzed 18th-century female-authored letters. This study highlights the main peculiarities of the graphic conventions employed by this 18th-century woman.
The Expression of Emotions in the Letters of Isabel Pardo de Figueroa (1700
The main objective of this article is to analyze the linguistic expression of emotion and feelings in five letters written by Isabel Pardo de Figueroa, an upper-class woman living in Santiago de Chile in the mid-eighteenth century. The letters under study belong to the private sphere, as they were addressed to two of her children, and therefore display a more spontaneous language, further removed from the formalities of other types of documents. This allows for a closer approach to the author’s affective world. The study begins by introducing the female correspondent and her recipients, in order to establish the basic characteristics of the communicative act. Subsequently, drawing on the concept of “emotion,” the emotional content of Isabel’s letters is examined, followed by a linguistic analysis highlighting various mechanisms: structural, present in greetings and closings; linguistic, corresponding to the morphosyntactic, lexico-semantic, and, briefly, pragmatic levels; and stylistic, such as the use of hyperboles and metaphors. Isabel employs all of these mechanisms to convey her main concerns. This análisis builds on previous research on affectivity and intensification in women’s writings and provides examples of the emotions most frequently expressed in the author’s letters. The aim is to offer an overview of the main linguistic mechanisms used by a woman writing in an overseas context and, tangentially, to shed light on the concerns of women in the past.
From the archive to writing. Narrating women’s history from a microhistorical perspective
This article discusses how microhistory and narrative writing enable the recovery and representation of the lives of ordinary women based on documentary sources. Through a research practice that combines academic rigour and literary sensitivity, it explores how the traces left in archives –wills, lawsuits, contracts– can be turned into living stories.
Women who write. From document to screen
Blasco Jover, Carolina. Problemas y retos pendientes en el ejercicio de los derechos de conciliación
Nieto Rojas, Patricia. La articulación de la negociación colectiva en materia de igualdad. Del convenio sectorial al protocolo empresarial.
Teresa Sandoval Martín y Clara Sainz de Baranda. El género entre algoritmos. Rediseñando el futuro de la IA en comunicación y ciencia
Natalia Herrero Tomás. Ética empresarial y trabajo decente en la era digital
Arruti Benito, Sara. La transversalidad de género como garantía de tutela judicial efectiva: desafiando el paradigma androcéntrico
Soler Campo, Sandra. Mujeres músicas: dificultades, avances y metas a alcanzar en el siglo XXI.
This article examines the evolution of hydrotherapeutic knowledge in nineteenth-century Spain through a critical lens that brings together the history of medicine, cultural studies, and gender studies. By analyzing a diverse range of printed sources—including general and women’s press, specialized publications, medical treatises, advertisements, and literary texts—it explores how hydrotherapy was employed to discipline, shape, and pathologize the female body in both public and domestic spaces. The first section outlines the institutional and theoretical framework in which narratives of regeneration—primarily moral and social— were embedded, promoted by European hygienist and biological discourses. The second part analyzes the main types of baths and hydrological therapies, along with their medical applications and social implications. Finally, the article offers a brief overview of literary and journalistic texts that shed light on the socioeconomic dynamics surrounding life in spa resorts.
This article examines the role of Local Police forces in protecting victims of gender-based violence in Spain through their integration into the VIOGEN system. Using a comparative study of two municipalities—Jaca (Huesca) and Cocentaina (Alicante)—we analyze functions, available resources, inter-institutional coordination practices, and barriers that limit municipal responses. The methodology combined documentary review and semistructured interviews with officers responsible for gender violence. Findings indicate that Local Police provide territorial proximity, contextual knowledge and immediate response capacity, but effectiveness depends on training, technological resources and stable coordination forums. Recommendations focus on improving training, interoperability and institutionalizing joint working spaces
Going against the grain? Narratives of female academics
This article presents the main findings of a qualitative narrative research project whose objective was to analyze the experiences of twenty female academics from the Faculty of Psychology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico regarding their conditions and experiences related to their gender. The research was conducted through interviews aimed at inquiring about support networks, academic and administrative processes, factors that hinder or facilitate the academic career, work-related constraints, and expressions of gender-based violence. The academics’ narratives show that, while the explicit curriculum prioritizes the eradication of gender-based violence and the creation of safe and egalitarian spaces, such violence persists in the so-called hidden curriculum. An example of this is the assignment of a greater number of leadership positions to men, even though the teaching staff is predominantly made up of women. Likewise, their careers have been evaluated from a linear and uninterrupted perspective, ignoring the breaks they’ve had to take due to family care and maternity, which has impacted on their professional development and job stability. Ultimately, promoting a culture of reporting remains a challenge, as fear of retaliation, ignorance of the necessary procedures and protocols for handling complaints, and distrust of the processes and authorities responsible for following up on complaints persist, as influence peddling and nepotism are sometimes present.
Family satisfaction and stress in a sample of adult women and their implications in the educational setting
Divorce is a stressful family event that can have lasting negative effects on children, even in adulthood. In this context, the marital breakdown of parents can influence the emotional and relational development of children, making the figure of a stable partner fundamental in adult life, since it provides a model of affective relationships that can affect emotional well-being and the ability to establish healthy bonds. The research included 233 women, aged between 26 and 60 years (mean = 34.21 years), and used a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Family Stress and Satisfaction Scale, and the Adult Attachment Questionnaire. The objectives of the study were to analyze the relationship between parental divorce and stress and family satisfaction, as well as to explore the influence of having or not having a stable partner on the dimensions of adult attachment. The results showed that women from divorced families experienced greater family stress and lower family satisfaction compared to those whose parents had not divorced. In addition, family stress was negatively linked to family satisfaction and positively linked to emotional self-sufficiency and hostile resolution. On the other hand, family satisfaction was positively related to the expression of feelings and negatively to family stress and low self-esteem. As for women without a stable partner, they presented higher scores in low self-esteem, need for approval, fear of rejection, emotional selfsufficiency and discomfort with intimacy. Given that no previous studies had been conducted on this topic, this work could provide valuable information and open up new lines of research.
Affective Reeducation and Access to Resources
Gender-based violence against older women has historically been rendered invisible within intervention frameworks and public policies. Despite having experienced prolonged periods of violence, these women are often left out of institutional focus due to both structural factors and social representations that view them as detached from desire, affectivity, or the capacity for change. The weight of traditional gender mandates, and especially of romantic love myths, acts as a deep barrier to recognizing violence and making decisions that involve breaking with learned relational models. This article offers a critical analysis of current intervention models, particularly in relation to protection plans and recovery timelines. Drawing on both theoretical and practical perspectives, it proposes an alternative model focused on group support, affective educational intervention, and the need to rethink protection processes from a more comprehensive, flexible, and context-sensitive approach tailored to the realities of older women.
Points to consider to imagine a colombian criminal procedure system from a gender perspective
The article that follows aims to outline the key points to consider to reformulate the Colombian criminal procedural system from a sex-gender and ethnic-racial perspective. To do this, it starts from the consideration of the mixed criminal procedural system with an accusatory tendency as a form of affirmative action and, from there, develops a historical account of the legal-political foundation of the criminal procedural system. This journey goes through the relationship between identity and colonization, the change in the nascent States of law, the foundation of guaranteeism and the turn towards the constitutional State of law, to end with the analysis of the points that must be reviewed in Law 906 of 2004 from an intersectional perspective.
Violence against women through the metaphor "slut"
This article analyzes a purpose-built corpus of 135 metaphorical items of “vixen” extracted from newspaper articles dealing with gender-based violence published in Spain between May 2020- May 2024 (included). The study adopts the Metaphor Identification Procedure (Steen et al., 2010) for the compilation and annotation of the corpus. Using Conceptual Metaphor Theory as the methodological framework, which underscores the pivotal role played by metaphor in shaping both cognition and action (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Kövecses, 2002; Mussolf, 2012), the article shows how male batterers resort to “vixen” to dehumanize, sexualize and debase physically, intellectually, and morally women. “Vixen”, ultimately, becomes a discursive weapon to hurt women verbally, psychologically, and physically
Evaluation of Transphobic Attitudes in Teachers. A Factor Analysis
Attitudes towards trans people have been poorly studied and aimed at the general population and young people, however, despite the centrality of the attitudes of teachers in the development of children ́s identity, they have not been sufficiently analyzed. It is therefore essential to have tools that allow us to know the attitudes of teachers towards transgender people. In order to more precisely explore the psychometric characteristics of the Nagoshi et al. Transphobia Scale (2008), consisting of a total of 9 items, and check whether the model is composed of a single factor or several, this research shows the results of the exploratory factor analysis carried out on a sample made up of 1295 teachers. In order to adapt the scale to the trans reality and the social and theoretical advances, we have had to reformulate two of the items that make up the scale. The results obtained show how the scale presents two factors, the first that corresponds to the attitudes of non-acceptance of the gender identity of the trans person, due to beliefs related with biologism, and the second that is associated with the rejection of what is considered to be non-normative.
Copyright (c) 2025 Instituto de Estudios de Género (Universidad Carlos III)
Notes on the decisions of international bodies in relation to international gender-based protection
Gender-based persecution refers to situations in which women are the object of violence, discrimination or persecution because they are women. This paper addresses the analysis carried out by various international bodies on gender-related claims for asylum and refuge. The purpose of this article is to determine whether the treatment received by women who turn to international bodies in order to halt their expulsion processes once the procedural process in the States parties to international instruments has been completed is consistent. To this end, the decisions of the Committee that oversees compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union will be analysed.
Theoretical foundations of honour-based violence. Review of the state of the art
Honor crimes are a form of violence committed to restore family or community honor through punishment, in the face of non-compliance with norms of sexual conduct imposed on women for cultural, religious or gender-based reasons. This research presents the results of a systematic review conducted in two databases -Scopus and WoS- on literatura published between 2016 and 2023 about the theoretical foundations of honor-based violence, composed of 40 articles. The results reveal the complex interaction between cultural traditions, religious parameters and patriarchal socialization archetypes that legitimize this violence and identify two types of approaches. On the one hand, the culturalist ones, which conceive it as an expression of religious traditions and mandates, by virtue of which these crimes are either justified by the community, leading to the attenuation or exclusion of criminal responsibility, or are criminally repudiated, leading to the segregation of these cultures. On the other hand, those who characterize it as a manifestation of gender violence as well as a serious attack on human rights, attributing its production to patriarchal systems of gender discrimination, who propose the criminal prosecution of those who practice it. It is concluded that, although the majority characterize it as gender violence, there is consensus that the institutional response should not perpetuate the oppression of the women who suffer it, but rather promote respect for local forms of resistance that foster their autonomy. Thus, in addition to the criminal proscription of honor crimes, preventive and culturally sensitive state
María Victoria Steffany Montoya Rodríguez