FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género
La Revista FEMERIS tiene por objeto divulgar estudios doctrinales y rigurosos sobre género en el ámbito de todas las disciplinas, entre ellas, la historia, la filosofía, las ciencias jurídicas, las ciencias sociales y ciencias de la información, entre otras. Se publica con una periodicidad semestral por el Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (número 1 y 3) y una vez al año (número 2) por la Asociación Española de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social. Lista de evaluadores 2024/ Referees 2024 Articulos recibidos/aceptados 2024- Acceptance/rejection of articles 2024 Formato de evaluación / Reviewers' format
Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Femeris es una revista editada por Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, con EISSN 2530-2442 Los textos publicados en esta revista están –si no se indica lo contrario– bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución/Reconocimiento- NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
Evaluation of Transphobic Attitudes in Teachers. A Factor Analysis
Attitudes towards trans people have been poorly studied and aimed at the general population and young people, however, despite the centrality of the attitudes of teachers in the development of children ́s identity, they have not been sufficiently analyzed. It is therefore essential to have tools that allow us to know the attitudes of teachers towards transgender people. In order to more precisely explore the psychometric characteristics of the Nagoshi et al. Transphobia Scale (2008), consisting of a total of 9 items, and check whether the model is composed of a single factor or several, this research shows the results of the exploratory factor analysis carried out on a sample made up of 1295 teachers. In order to adapt the scale to the trans reality and the social and theoretical advances, we have had to reformulate two of the items that make up the scale. The results obtained show how the scale presents two factors, the first that corresponds to the attitudes of non-acceptance of the gender identity of the trans person, due to beliefs related with biologism, and the second that is associated with the rejection of what is considered to be non-normative.
Copyright (c) 2025 Instituto de Estudios de Género (Universidad Carlos III)
Theoretical foundations of honour-based violence. Review of the state of the art
Honor crimes are a form of violence committed to restore family or community honor through punishment, in the face of non-compliance with norms of sexual conduct imposed on women for cultural, religious or gender-based reasons. This research presents the results of a systematic review conducted in two databases -Scopus and WoS- on literatura published between 2016 and 2023 about the theoretical foundations of honor-based violence, composed of 40 articles. The results reveal the complex interaction between cultural traditions, religious parameters and patriarchal socialization archetypes that legitimize this violence and identify two types of approaches. On the one hand, the culturalist ones, which conceive it as an expression of religious traditions and mandates, by virtue of which these crimes are either justified by the community, leading to the attenuation or exclusion of criminal responsibility, or are criminally repudiated, leading to the segregation of these cultures. On the other hand, those who characterize it as a manifestation of gender violence as well as a serious attack on human rights, attributing its production to patriarchal systems of gender discrimination, who propose the criminal prosecution of those who practice it. It is concluded that, although the majority characterize it as gender violence, there is consensus that the institutional response should not perpetuate the oppression of the women who suffer it, but rather promote respect for local forms of resistance that foster their autonomy. Thus, in addition to the criminal proscription of honor crimes, preventive and culturally sensitive state
María Victoria Steffany Montoya Rodríguez
Notes on the decisions of international bodies in relation to international gender-based protection
Gender-based persecution refers to situations in which women are the object of violence, discrimination or persecution because they are women. This paper addresses the analysis carried out by various international bodies on gender-related claims for asylum and refuge. The purpose of this article is to determine whether the treatment received by women who turn to international bodies in order to halt their expulsion processes once the procedural process in the States parties to international instruments has been completed is consistent. To this end, the decisions of the Committee that oversees compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union will be analysed.
Gender violence online. Moving towards digital equity?
Abstract. In the context of a growing trend of violence against women and the sex-gender diverse community in digital spaces, this research analyzes the current state of legislation and public policies aimed at preventing and addressing Digital Gender-Based Violence in four Latin American countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. Through a comparative legislative analysis and a review of public policies, the study identifies progress, limitations, and challenges, with the aim of promoting more effective actions that foster gender equity and non-discrimination in digital environments. The theoretical framework is grounded in studies on criminology, gender, and digital communication, addressing online violence as an extension of offline violence against women. The methodology combines a literature review and legal analysis. Findings indicate that while there is a latent concern—expressed through legislative efforts at varying stages of development—existing measures have limited scope, both in their formulation and implementation. Moreover, gaps in public policy are identified, particularly the absence of comprehensive and cross-cutting preventive approaches from a gender perspective. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of advancing towards more robust legal frameworks and public policies that go beyond punitive measures and prioritize the effective prevention of online gender-based violence, while promoting safe and inclusive digital environments. It also highlights the urgent need to address this issue as a real and pressing phenomenon, with tangible impacts on the lives of women and vulnerable communities. This research is part of an ongoing doctoral project that seeks to analyze women’s online victimization, their interactions, victimization experiences, and perceived risks in virtual social networks.
Assessment of psychological symptoms in Mexican women victims of digital violence. A descriptive study with LSB-50 results
Digital violence is a set of attacks against vulnerable groups through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and cyberspace, leaving physical, psychological, and social consequences. The present study aimed to evaluate the presence and severity of symptoms in Mexican women who have experienced digital violence. To this end, a quantitative approach was used, applying the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-50), with which statistical analyses were performed to describe and synthesise the data obtained from 262 participants, with an average age of 29.56 years (SD = 10.842). Most of the participants came from the State of Mexico (46.60%). The results showed significant scores on all scales of the test, with a predominance of symptoms of anxiety (An, PC=98), psychoreactivity (Pr, PC=96) and obsession-compulsion (Ob, PC=96). Likewise, a considerably high global severity index (GLOBAL) was recorded in psychosomatic and psychopathological conditions (PC=95), together with a marked level of psychopathological manifestations and syndromes (NUM, PC=96). The degree of intensity (INT) of symptoms was notable (PC=70). Finally, the psychopathological risk index reflected the significant presence of symptoms linked to the psychopathological clinical population, showing signs of devaluation, misunderstanding, fear, somatisation and hostility with suicidal ideas. These findings underscore the seriousness of the impact that violence has on women.
Writing as a space for women's expression
Historically, it has been accepted as statistical evidence that women have a lower chess performance than men. Multiple theories have been proposed to support this assumption: the lower participation of women in chess relative to men, the different cognitive abilities according to gender, the lower number of games played by women when leaving this discipline earlier than men, the lower participation of women in deliberate practice activities, or by age and the number of games played in a given period. This article analyzes the effect of the difference between female and male elo from 2012 to 2023, the chess performance gap between men and women by country, and the variation in the average performance of chess players by gender and age. It is shown that the variables of the chess player’s place of residence and age have an effect on the average performance of chess players, far greater than that traditionally associated with gender. In fact, in this article it has been determined that there is an age period (between 34 and 42 years old) in which women play chess better than men, on average.
Review of the Panel on 'Care Policies and Social Security'
Reseña crítica de “Mujeres y diversidades en las ciencias: Datos, relatos y narrativas”
Franklin, Sarah (2022). Embodied Progress. A Cultural Account of Assisted Conception
Fe de erratas a la referencia bibliográfica de Antonio Álvarez del Cuvillo
The gender gap(s) in self-generated contributory pensions
An analysis of the differences in pensions between women and men is presented, based on the data. The pension gap is assessed, whose most direct origin lies in the wage gap and the working conditions of women. Subsequently, legislative remedies are examined to avoid the effects of these circumstances on pensions.
Incompatibility of SOVI retirement pension and widow’s pension of the general regime, indirect discrimination and unacceptable and unjustified social security gender gap
While the retirement pension under the General Regime is fully compati­ble with the widow’s pension under the same General Regime (with the only limit being the maximum pension), the SOVI retirement pension has a stricter compatibility regime with the widow’s pension under the General Regime. Given that the SOVI retirement pension is mainly received by women, while the General Regime retirement pension is mainly received by men, a situation of indirect discrimination on the basis of sex arises, which leads to a gender gap in social security. Given the limited effectiveness of a possible judicial solution, it would be neces­sary to intervene legislatively to eliminate this gap.
The Principle of Non-Discrimination and Multiple Discrimination as International Human Rights Standards Applicable in Land Restitution Policy
In this article, the main objective is to know if the land restitution policy in Colombia complies with international standards that establish that reparative measures for women victims of human rights violations must be designed and executed with a differential approach to guarantee the non-discrimination and equality between men and women. Thus, on the one hand, international human rights standards on equality and non-discrimination and the concept of multiple discrimination are analyzed; On the other hand, the design of the gender approach in Law 1448/2011 is studied, as well as its execution in the judicial stage. Methodologically, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, in addition to the review and study of the documentary source and the comparison with research from other regions, the sentences on restitution cases of the department of Santander in a specific time frame were analyzed. It is concluded on the one hand that, although the regulatory measures with a diffe­rential gender approach have been designed in compliance with most of the standards, they should be applied with greater rigor and precision. The number of court orders issued with this approach is small. On the other hand, the concept of multiple discrimination should be used as a hermeneutical tool, since it would make the recognition of the fundamental right to restitution for victims of the armed conflict more effective, and thus adequately comply with the international standard in rights. human rights on equality and non-discrimination.
Chronicle of the Spanish Constitutional Court Case on equality rights (year 2024)
This study analyzes the rulings issued by the Constitutional Court in 2024 pursuant to the principle of equality and non-discrimination. The study focuses on the most relevant rulings in this area issued by the Constitutional Court in 2024.
Constitutional Court of Justice of Spain
Chronicle of the European case law on equality (from 01/09/2023 to 31/08/2024)
This paper deals with the analysis of judgments related to the principle of equal treatment and opportunities and delivered from September 1, 2023 until August 31, 2024 by the Court of Justice and General Court of the European Union, the European Court of Human Rights and the European Committee of Social Rights.
Principle of equal treatment and opportunities
Antonio Alvarez del Cubillo. El concepto de discriminación grupal y su eficacia real en el ámbito de las relaciones laborales
Este artículo reseña: Álvarez del Cubillo, Antonio. El concepto de discriminación grupal y su eficacia real en el ámbito de las relaciones laborales. Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch, 2024. 446 páginas. ISBN: 978-84-1056-860-0.
Fernando Lousada Arochena. Mujeres y discriminación interseccional (un ensayo sobre las mujeres en los márgenes)
Non-contributory benefits of marked patriarchal size under debate
Non-contributory benefits have been and continue to be largely forgotten, even though they are part of the essence of the social security system, capable of reaching everyone. It is worth noting what Article 41 of the Spanish Constitution (hereinafter CE) prescribes: “The public authorities shall maintain a public security system for all citizens, guaranteeing assistance and sufficient social benefits in situations of need...” We can speak of non-contributory benefits in the Spanish social security system starting in the 1990s. Has this been overlooked when reformulating them? The title of the article already reveals the unfortunate reality: the majority of beneficiaries of non-contributory benefits are women. The labor market continues to place women at the center of caregiving, generating inequality in pay, benefits, and subsidies. Technological changes, primarily the emergence of artificial intelligence, may increase inequality on this scale. Most technology courses are taught by male students, which consequently means that the new virtual environment is also designed by men, with the possibility that, even unconsciously, they may be biased.
Review about Women equality day Workshop (AEDTSS)
Review about “Gender and work: to build a quality and equality labour market “ workshop
Fifty years ago... the approval of Law 14/1975 of May 2. The tenacity and drive of María Telo to democratize the family and improve the situation of women
Love in time. A generational comparison of patriarchal romanticism and its relationship with gender violence
The purpose of this article is to learn about the evolution of the concept of love in different generations, thus examining the validity of romantic love in them and evaluating its possible relationship with gender violence through the different power relationships that occur in the couple models. For this purpose, a comparative generational analysis has been carried out in different age groups. The qualitative methodology used consisted of six in-depth interviews with a purposive sample composed of three men and three women from the three selected age groups: young people aged 18 to 30 years, adults aged 31 to 60 years and over 61 years. Among the results of the research, we can highlight the case of the younger population, in which there is a relationship model based on romantic love, still maintaining the myths of jealousy and the better half, which have a strong connection with gender violence. This shows the need to continue training professionals from all scientific disciplines in gender and equality in order to instill these values in society as a whole, as well as to transform gender stereotypes and the social imaginary of masculinity and femininity. It is therefore a matter of educating for prevention.
Female body and philosophical feminism. For a strategic “body”
The tradition of thought in its long history has conceptualized the body in various ways. If we review, even somewhat summarily, the different perspectives we see that they have all had in common the association of the body with the feminine. And this association, which survives in the social and individual imaginary of our world, contributes to the establishment of a well-differentiated idea about female and male bodies, namely: the idea that women are bodies, while men carry a body. Starting from this result, which can only be reached with a quick historical review, this work aims to analyze how a critical-feminist vision of the female body is expressed. A vision that in fact is not homogeneous and that gives rise to very differentiated theoretical elaborations. Thus, it is possible to detect a clear confrontation in this critical-feminist vision between the theses on the body with a more materialist orientation versus those with a clearly constructivist direction. To illustrate this theoretical discrepancy between bodily materialism and constructivism, we start here from the theoretical positions of the philosophers Rossi Braidotti and Judith Butler respectively. In the conclusions, an intermediate path is proposed between both conceptual extremes, which involves rethinking the female body as a “strategic” place.
Resources and measures for the care of older women victims of gender violence. A qualitative study
One of the greatest violations of women’s individual and collective rights is gender violence. Although it is not a new phenomenon, reality shows that it was not until a few decades ago that it was recognized as a social and health problem by public powers, which have adopted regulatory and assistance measures to protect victims of violence. gender, violence that is born from unequal power relations between women and men, the result of a patriarchal society. Gender violence is present in all evolutionary periods, as official statistics show, although in older women it is less visible. The present study aims to know the resources and measures adopted to respond to the needs of older women victims of gender violence in specialized women’s care services. For this, a qualitative investigation was carried out, using a case design. The testimonies obtained from eight professionals who work in these services, collected through an interview, highlight the need to adapt resources to the characteristics of older women victims of gender violence and carry out prevention, training and awareness-raising actions expressly for them. In this sense, one of the main conclusions is related to the need for updated training for all professionals who work with women victims of gender violence, in order to be able to adjust their intervention to their needs. It also insists on the importance of raising awareness and training new generations in order to reduce the number of victims of gender violence among the female population.
Spanish Parity Law. Main ideas and critical points
Organic Law 3/2007, of March 22, for the effective equality of women and men, introduced a series of measures to empower women based on paritary democracy. These measures determined significant progress in the balanced participation of women and men in three areas: electoral candidacies, public decision-making bodies and in certain commercial companies. But these advances have been insufficient. Furthermore, the European Union has approved a Directive on gender balance on the boards of directors of listed companies. Hence the need to approve Organic Law 2/2024, of August 1, on equal representation and balanced presence of women and men. The aim is to deepen the parity measures that the LO Equality had introduced in the Spanish legal system, expand them to other areas and transpose the European Union Directive. The present study addresses the exegetical analysis of the LO Paridad to identify its essential ideas, the scope of its measures and the critical points of the regulation.
gender balance on boards of directors of listed companies
Where are the men in the Equal Opportunities policies in Spain?
The aim of this article is to show the need for a more intense participation and active engagement of men in public policies for equality by offering a reflection on their potential. Policies and actions focused on equality are basically designed and directed by and for women. This is because the gender gap was so wide that equality policies have been oriented towards correcting these imbalances, resourcing women’s experiential situations and empowering them socially, politically, economically and personally. But we understand that it is also necessary to intervene with men, without taking resources or efforts away from the main agent of intervention. Intervention with men is a further step on the road to equality in order to learn and get to know new ways of interrelating, new ways of being men. Men are the necessary co-operators of women and as part of society, they are active agents who must accompany women in social change in order to put an end to the patriarchal situation and develop a more egalitarian society.
Gender equality and masculinities in intervention with offenders in an open environment. Some questions
In this work we intend to address the existence, incidence and importance given to specific content regarding the promotion of gender equality and the so-called new masculinities within the aspects worked on in intervention programs with gender aggressors in the open environment. Previously, we will point out the origin, justification and implementation of said programs; explaining the differences between open and closed medium. We will refer to the evaluation of the effectiveness of this intervention; and to some practical aspects and issues. Finally, we will address the weight of the topics dedicated to gender equality and masculinities within the intervention, concluding that their relevance and relative weight must be increased.
Isabel Navas Ocaña y Dolores Romero López (eds.). Ciberfeminismos, tecnotextualidades y transgéneros