FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género
La Revista FEMERIS tiene por objeto divulgar estudios doctrinales y rigurosos sobre género en el ámbito de todas las disciplinas, entre ellas, la historia, la filosofía, las ciencias jurídicas, las ciencias sociales y ciencias de la información, entre otras. Se publica con una periodicidad semestral por el Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (número 1 y 3) y una vez al año (número 2) por la Asociación Española de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social. Lista de evaluadores 2024/ Referees 2024 Articulos recibidos/aceptados 2024- Acceptance/rejection of articles 2024 Formato de evaluación / Reviewers' format
Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Femeris es una revista editada por Instituto Universitario de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, con EISSN 2530-2442 Los textos publicados en esta revista están –si no se indica lo contrario– bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución/Reconocimiento- NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
Serra Sánchez, C. El sentido de consentir
Copyright (c) 2026 Instituto de Estudios de Género (Universidad Carlos III) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morgane Merteuil. Trabajo sexual contra el trabajo
Informe realizado para el Instituto de la Mujer. La inclusión laboral de las mujeres con Trastorno del Espectro del Autismo. Situación actual y líneas de actuación hacia la igualdad efectiva en la formación y el empleo de Eva María Blázquez Agudo
Chronicle of the Spanish Constitutional Court case on equality rights (year 2025)
This study tackle the analysis of judgments dictated in application of the principle of equal treatment and nondiscrimination by the Constitutional Court of Justice of Spain during the year 2025. The article will focus in the study of the most notable sentences in this terrain that has produced the Constitutional Court during the year 2025.
Constitutional Court of Justice of Spain
Chronicle of the European case law on equality (from 01/09/2024 to 31/08/2025)
This paper deals with the analysis of judgments related to the principle of equal treatment and opportunities and delivered from September 1, 2024 until August 31, 2025 by the Court of Justice and General Court of the European Union, the European Court of Human Rights and the European Committee of Social Rights.
Principle of equal treatment and opportunities
Equality, diversity and equity plans in Europe. Approach to the map of the League of European Research Universities LERU
This article analyzes equality plans at universities that are members of the League of European Research Universities (LERU), with particular attention to European and Spanish regulatory frameworks. It examines how the 24 universities in the LERU network implement institutional policies to address historical gender inequalities, through an analysis of their equality plans and anti-harassment protocols. The study is contextualized within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5, the European Strategy for Gender Equality 2020-2025, and, in the Spanish case, the Organic Law of the University System (LOSU, 2023) and Royal Decree 901/2020. The role of the European Research Council (ERC) and its Gender Equality Plan 2021-2027, which establishes mandatory requirements for institutions receiving European funding, is also analyzed. Using a qualitative methodology of document analysis, institutional protocols are examined, identifying common elements such as mandatory training in harassment prevention, confidential reporting channels, psychological and legal support services, and follow-up mechanisms. Intersectional approaches that consider multiple dimensions of identity (gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability) and the integration of a gender perspective into teaching, research, and university governance are highlighted. The results show significant progress, but also persistent challenges: the gender pay gap reaches 12.7% in Europe and 8.9% in Spain; women represent only 34% of management positions in the EU and 38% in Spain; and female underrepresentation persists in STEM fields (29% in engineering and technology). The study concludes that a holistic and systemic approach is required to transform university structures toward genuine equality, beyond mere formal compliance with regulatory requirements.
Work-related psychological harm as an organizationalproblem. Mental health, equality, and gender perspectivepective
This paper examines work-related psychological harm from an organizational, preventive, anti-discrimination, and constitutional perspective. Contrary to approaches focused primarily on the clinical or individual dimension of psychological impairment, the study argues that a significant part of contemporary psychosocial risks is linked to forms of work organization characterized by work intensification, continuous pressure, permanent availability, and ongoing systems of performance monitoring and evaluation. The article explores the interaction between mental health, equality, and gender perspective, highlighting how apparently neutral organizational dynamics may produce disproportionate effects on workers placed in structurally vulnerable positions. It also examines the evolution of the European and constitutional legal framework concerning disability, equality, and protection against psychosocial risks. The paper further identifies the main methodological difficulties affecting the legal treatment of work-related psychological harm, particularly regarding multifactorial causation, invisibilization of organizational context, and the medicalization of litigation. On this basis, it advocates a structural understanding of psychosocial risks capable of integrating prevention, equality, and constitutional limits on employer power within a unified framework of legal protection.
Co-responsibility and its complex fit within the right to adjust working hours under art. 34.8 of the Worker Estatute
This paper examines the right to adapt working hours in all its forms and aspects, as regulated in Article 34.8 of the Spanish Workers’ Statute. To this end, it analyses this right in relation to the right to co-responsibility (and not merely the conciliation of work and family life) regulated in Directive 2019/1158 and its transposition into Spanish labor law. Furthermore, it analyses in detail the content of this right, from its purpose and different possibilities, to its entitlement, the justifiable reasons for exercising it, the procedure for exercising it, and the return to the initial situation. In this regard, it analyses the importance of collective bargaining as an instrument for guaranteeing co-responsibility and its effective exercise in the employment relationship.
Equal sharing of caring responsibilities under Directive (EU) 2019/1158. A comparative analysis of Spain and Italy
The reconciliation of work and personal life constitutes one of the main challenges of European Union law for the effective achievement of equality between women and men. Within this framework falls Directive (EU) 2019/1158 on work-life balance, aimed at strengthening shared responsibility in care tasks and promoting a more balanced distribution of family responsibilities over time. From this perspective, the present contribution provides a comparative analysis of its transposition in Spain and Italy, highlighting structural differences in the design of care-related rights and in the conditions governing their effective exercise. The Spanish legal system has consolidated a fully paid and non-transferable leave for birth and care of the child, but still presents significant shortcomings in the regulation of unpaid parental leave. The Italian system, by contrast, maintains a differentiated structure between maternity and paternity and a longer parental leave with formal economic coverage, the design of which has proven ineffective in promoting a balanced uptake by men. The comparison clearly shows that the difficulties in ensuring the full effectiveness of work-life balance rights stem not only from economic factors, but also from broader structural elements of the care system that condition the realization of the principle of gender equality overall.
Digital care burden as a new form of labor gender inequality
This article examines how the digitalisation of work and care is generating a new form of gender inequality: the digital care burden. Building on the traditionally unequal distribution of domestic and care work it explores how telework, digital platforms and algorithmic management reshape time, space and availability, placing an additional layer of online coordination, continuous attention and connectivity on women. The paper analyses how Labour Law and Social Security address this reality, identifying some progress (such as the implementation in the legal system of digital labor rights or the social protection of new forms of employment) but also significant blind spots regarding care and gender mainstreaming. On this basis, it proposes lines of reform aimed at legally recognising the digital care burden, strengthening shared responsibility and ensuring that digitalisation does not deepen existing gaps but helps to close them.
The spread of Labour Law beyond its boundaries. A strategy to advance effective equality
This study analyses the capacity of labour law to project its advances in the field of equality and non-discrimination beyond its traditional subjective scope. Such projection is particularly evident in the context of work organised through cooperatives, a business model whose identity is rooted in values such as equality and democratic participation. Notwithstanding these foundational principles, the study identifies the persistence of gender gaps in access, career progression, and the working conditions of worker-members and employeemembers. The reform of the national legal framework governing these entities, implemented through Law 1/2026 of 8 April on the Comprehensive Promotion of the Social Economy, introduces a systematic and coherent regulation of cooperative equality plans. This development reinforces the central thesis advanced herein regarding the expansive normative influence of labour law and its contribution to the advancement of substantive equality.
Mental health and employment from a gender perspective
Se rebeller contre la norme. Personnages féminins dans El Valdemaro de Vicente Martínez Colomer (1792) et La Filósofa por amor de Francisco de Tójar (1799)
El Valdemaro (1792) et La filósofa por amor (1799) sont certes deux romans écrits par des hommes, ce qui pourrait paraître surprenant dans le contexte d’une publication liée aux Ve Journées Ellas toman la pluma. Ce serait cependant ignorer, d’une part, que le nombre des romans espagnols du XVIIIe siècle en général est assez réduit, même lorsqu’il s’agit d’originaux écrits par des hommes, et, d’autre part, que, même s’il est vrai que la présence d’une voix féminine commence à émerger dans les dernières décennies du siècle, elle se limite en grande partie à la traduction. Ce qui importe dès lors dans cet article n’est pas tant la perspective de genre en matière d’écriture, mais plutôt la question de la modélisation des figures féminines qui passe par des protagonistes rebelles en rupture avec les conventions de l’époque, des protagonistes qui sont l‘annonce d’une certaine modernité. Et le fait que des auteurs masculins donnent la parole à des figures féminines au moment où elles s’émancipent de la volonté patriarcale pour conquérir des espaces de liberté nous éclaire précisément sur les débats en cours à l’époque dans la vie réelle, alors que la transition progressive des anciens modèles vers d’autres préfigure un courant littéraire qui s’épanouira au XIXe siècle.
Rodríguez Mesa, Francisco José (2024). Perigynaecon. Acerca de las mujeres. Estudio, edición crítica y traducción
Space and women in videogames. A narratological analysis
This article explores the representation of women in videogames through a narratological approach, aiming to highlight the contributions of female creators and characters in a predominantly male-dominated industry that is becoming increasingly relevant. To this end, four videogames with female protagonists and in whose creation processes women have been involved have been analysed: Amour Sucré (2011), Life is Strange (2015), Horizon Zero Dawn (2017) and Unpacking (2021). The work delves into topics such as the indivisibility of space and time (chronotope), the relationship between nature and femininity (eco-feminism), the boundary between the public and the private, and their impact on player engagement. The conclusions drawn from the analysed works provide a disruptive narrative insight that advocates for the representation of women within the industry and in public spaces. They also demonstrate how videogames are not just mere pieces of entertainment but a complex narrative space in which spatial elements play a significant role in character development and vice versa. These conclusions pave the way for future research in the field of videogames through a gender-oriented analysis that transcends storytelling or in-game aspects, like online chats or in-person events.
Women in transmedia culture. Representations and cyberfeminism
Feminist discourses and expressions have diversified their mediums and flooded digital platforms as a direct consequence of the transmedia revolution and the cultural democratization it entails. In the hybrid space that stretches from screen to page, artivism and feminism converge to create a fertile ecosystem where illustration expands to adapt to the dynamics of the digital habitus. This study maps the visual narratives created by women whose profiles and social media posts embody the principles of contemporary cyberfeminism. Since 2018, these illustrations have spread, circulated, and flourished on Instagram, where they shape an accessible, viral, and participatory feminism capable of generating communities of resistance and sisterhood committed to the deconstruction and reconstruction of female identity. Through humor, irony, and social critique, the authors subvert gender stereotypes and promote women’s empowerment in everyday life. The hybridity between analog and digital media amplifies the reach of their messages and enables a critical reinterpretation of the role of women in contemporary culture. In this context, cyberfeminism emerges as a tool for transformation and resignification in the public sphere.
Women who speak about Artificial Intelligence in the Spanish digital press (2017-2021). Gender gaps in news sources
This research aims to study news articles about Artificial Intelligence published in Spanish digital newspapers to determine whether there is a gender gap in news sources in relation to the proportion of women and men, the topics they address, their occupations, and the relationship between the gender of the journalist and that of the source. The final sample consisted of 4,132 sources extracted from 2,548 news items published between January 2017 and December 2021. Our results reveal that only 23.59% of the sources are women; that there is a correlation between the gender of the journalist and that of the source; and that the professional category, position, or social status of the source differs depending on whether the source is a man or a woman. The main contribution of this research lies in the fact that, in addition to quantifying the presence of women as news sources, it also incorporates –unlike previous studies– a detailed analysis of the occupation, professional category, and hierarchical or social position of the cited individuals. This approach allows us to observe not only who speaks in news coverage of Artificial Intelligence, but also from what symbolic and professional position they do so. The combination of gender and status dimensions reveals that inequalities extend beyond the mere number of female voices, encompassing the spaces of authority from which media discourse is constructed. This perspective helps capture, within the media sphere, the reflection of the persistent horizontal segregation in the scientific and technological fields. The results show that female sources are more frequently cited in topics such as equality, education, and culture, while male sources predominate in areas such as robotics, economics, politics, or software development –thus reproducing gender stereotypes in the selection of voices and in the legitimization of expert knowledge.
Female empowerment through journalistic writing in 1930s Europe. Foreign female reporters and the Spanish Civil
The Spanish Civil War received unprecedented media coverage. Representatives from Europe’s largest media outlets quickly travelled to the country to cover what was clearly a major conflict for interwar Europe. Among them were women journalists, still often overlooked or ignored, who, between 1936 and 1939, used journalism as a means of raising awareness of the events unfolding in Spain, as a cornerstone of their support for the Spanish Republic, and as a tool for emancipation and personal fulfilment in the traditionally maledominated world of international reporting. This study will focus on three journalists who covered the war as special correspondents for various French and English publications (Le Petit Parisien, Vendredi, Ce Soir, Regards, L’Humanité or The Manchester Guardian): Andrée Viollis, Nancy Cunard and Simone Téry. After emphasising that the war was the culmination of a powerful connection with writing that had begun many years earlier for these three women, we will show that the 1936-1939 conflict represented the definitive affirmation of a common conception of reporting and female war reporting for these three women.
References to women in the grammatical examples of the 1917 GRAE
This work is a continuation of two previous studies (Escudero Paniagua, 2024a and 2024b), which quantified and analyzed the presence of female references in the examples used in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century RAE grammars (GRAE). This study aims to further explore the topic by analyzing the first landmark edition of the academic gramar of the twentieth century, the GRAE 1917, with the goal of determining whether any changes occurred and investigating whether the sociopolitical changes experienced in early twentiethcentury Spain affected (and in what way) the number of references to women in gramatical examples or the image of women projected by the Academy. A methodology similar to that of the previous studies was followed for both the quantification and analysis of references. The study is based on the idea that the sociocultural and political changes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries–particularly the gradual inclusion of women in public life, employment, and education, as well as the rise of suffragist and feminist movements and institutions in Spain– should have led to greater visibility of women in general and, specifically, in the examples used in the GRAE. However, although the overall increase in examples resulted in a higher number of references to women, the percentage data (i.e., in relation to the total number of references to men and women) show little change in this regard compared to nineteenth-century editions of the academic grammar. The conservatism of the institution, therefore, continued to have a decisive impact on the limited renewal of this sociocultural and ideological aspect of exemplification.
Women teachers in the Southeast of Madrid in the 19th century through the documents kept in the Regional Archive of Madrid, the Municipal Archive of Arganda del Rey and the Municipal Historical Archive of Chinchón
During the Enlightenment, marked by gender differences, the crown promoted education to encourage the development of science and research. However, it was not until the second half of the 19th century, with the Moyano Law (1857), that public primary education for girls became compulsory. Thanks to a succession of new educational policies, the incorporation and permanence of girls in school progressively took place, as well as the entry of women into the teaching profession. All these changes are reflected in documents about female teachers and written by female teachers in the 19th century, preserved in municipal archives. In this work, we have designed a documentary corpus consisting of 38 documents written or signed by female teachers from Arganda del Rey, Chinchón, Fuentidueña del Tajo, San Martin de la Vega and Valdaracete, municipalities that make up the southeast of the Community of Madrid. These documents inform us about the circumstances and the activity of the rural teachers, among them we find receipts for purchases made, letters or requests from the teachers to the town hall, appointment files, lists of expenses and income of the girls’ school, lists of pupils and, above all, to a greater extent, inventories of school material. Our objective is to know the daily practice of the teachers through the inventoried school material, as well as to know their inner-history and graphic uses reflected in the documents they wrote.
Gender-sensitive variation in letters of appeal (20th century). Some notes on directive and expressive speech acts
In this paper, we aim to examine certain aspects of the history of women’s language through a corpus of letters dating from the first quarter of the 20th century and composed around historical events related to the Rif War (1909–1927). To achieve this objective, we have carried out a contrastive analysis in which we have examined fifty letters, twenty-five from men and twenty-five from women, and we have studied some issues related to the lin guistic formulation of the requests expressed in them, considering generolectal variation. The examination determines that there is no apparent variation in the formulation of the requests, but there is in the construction of the apology.
«Lafalta de buestra carta - metine con mucho cuydado». Graphic study of a corpus of eighteenth-century letters written by the aragonese María Francisca Ric y Pueyo (1746-1819)
This article presents an analysis of the orthographic tendencies specific to the enlightened nun, M.ª Francisca Ric y Pueyo (1746–1819). Following a brief biographical section introducing this figure and the corpus under study, the paper details the main features observed in the vowels, consonants, capitalization, accentuation, punctuation, and use of abbreviations found in the analyzed 18th-century female-authored letters. This study highlights the main peculiarities of the graphic conventions employed by this 18th-century woman.
The Expression of Emotions in the Letters of Isabel Pardo de Figueroa (1700
The main objective of this article is to analyze the linguistic expression of emotion and feelings in five letters written by Isabel Pardo de Figueroa, an upper-class woman living in Santiago de Chile in the mid-eighteenth century. The letters under study belong to the private sphere, as they were addressed to two of her children, and therefore display a more spontaneous language, further removed from the formalities of other types of documents. This allows for a closer approach to the author’s affective world. The study begins by introducing the female correspondent and her recipients, in order to establish the basic characteristics of the communicative act. Subsequently, drawing on the concept of “emotion,” the emotional content of Isabel’s letters is examined, followed by a linguistic analysis highlighting various mechanisms: structural, present in greetings and closings; linguistic, corresponding to the morphosyntactic, lexico-semantic, and, briefly, pragmatic levels; and stylistic, such as the use of hyperboles and metaphors. Isabel employs all of these mechanisms to convey her main concerns. This análisis builds on previous research on affectivity and intensification in women’s writings and provides examples of the emotions most frequently expressed in the author’s letters. The aim is to offer an overview of the main linguistic mechanisms used by a woman writing in an overseas context and, tangentially, to shed light on the concerns of women in the past.
From the archive to writing. Narrating women’s history from a microhistorical perspective
This article discusses how microhistory and narrative writing enable the recovery and representation of the lives of ordinary women based on documentary sources. Through a research practice that combines academic rigour and literary sensitivity, it explores how the traces left in archives –wills, lawsuits, contracts– can be turned into living stories.
Women who write. From document to screen
Blasco Jover, Carolina. Problemas y retos pendientes en el ejercicio de los derechos de conciliación
Nieto Rojas, Patricia. La articulación de la negociación colectiva en materia de igualdad. Del convenio sectorial al protocolo empresarial.
Teresa Sandoval Martín y Clara Sainz de Baranda. El género entre algoritmos. Rediseñando el futuro de la IA en comunicación y ciencia
Natalia Herrero Tomás. Ética empresarial y trabajo decente en la era digital
Arruti Benito, Sara. La transversalidad de género como garantía de tutela judicial efectiva: desafiando el paradigma androcéntrico