LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social
type: channel
description: Labos. Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social es una revista científica en materia de Derecho Laboral y Seguridad Social. Es una publicación editada desde 2020, con una periodicidad cuatrimestral. Para la publicación de originales, Labos utiliza un sistema de revisión externa por pares, siendo los evaluadores científicos expertos en el conocimiento de las materias en las que se investiga y cuyos nombres se irán publicando en la página web de la revista. Se trata de una Revista científica que se publica en formato digital de acceso abierto (OA).
publisher: Universidad Carlos III
language: en
publication name: LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social
issn: 2660-7360
copyright: Los autores ceden a la Revista Labos los derechos de reproducción y distribución, así como cualquier forma de explotación del trabajo.
items: Varela Villar, Anxo. Diligencia debida en las cadenas de suministro. Análisis laboral comparado de derecho europeo, norteamericano y alemán
items: The permanent difficult mission of the Labour and Social Security Inspectorate
items: The digital world and labor inspection. Current problems (without AI) and possible developments
items: Reflections and proposals for review on Labour and Social Security Inspectorate
items: Co-responsability and active fatherhood. Advances in employment equality in the Iberian Penainsula
items: The dismissal letter as a guarantee of the employee’s right to defence. A matter for reconsideration
items: Teleworking as a key of work-life balance from the right to Adaptation of article 34.8 ET. A double-edged measure
items: Social security and migration
items: The disruptive judge as an epilogue to the new spanish judicial ecosystem
items: Multiple Litigation System in the Social Jurisdiction (Joinder of Actions, Test Case Procedure, and Extension of Effects)
items: The role of regulations in Labour Law. On the recent proposals for «development» of the Estatuto de los trabajadores
items: Martínez Girón, Jesús y Arufe Varela, Alberto. Los catedráticos españoles de Derecho del trabajo (1917-2024).
items: Sierra, Elisa. Prevención de riesgos laborales y perspectiva de género
items: Change of judicial criteria and application over time of the doctrine unified by the Fourth Chamber of the Supreme Court
items: Labour, precariousness and mental health
items: The Legal Governance of Occupational Mental Health
items: Mental health in the workplace in the age of artificial intelligence
items: Violence against women. The role of the media in preventing it
items: Paid leave as a tool for balancing family and work life
items: Partial retirement and replacement contract
items: The modification of the termination of the contract due to permanent disability introduced by Law 2/2025, of April 29
items: The decarbonisation process and the challenges of social protection. The role of retirement
items: Challenges arising from the expansion of procedural guarantees and admission of appeals in the constitutional protection of fundamental rights on the Labor Court
items: Directive on corporate sustainability due diligence. Labor perspective
items: The exercise of the company's disciplinary power with respect to people with an employment relationship within the scope of Law 2/2023 on the protection of whistleblowers
items: The changing face of working time
items: The severance compensation in question
items: From subordinate work to vulnerable work. (Critical note on the new proposals for universalization of labor protection regulations)
items: Calculation of pensions arising from occupational risks for workers on reduced working hours. A discriminatory regulation (with and without a gender perspective)
items: Digital content creators. A new grey area in labour law?

Varela Villar, Anxo. Diligencia debida en las cadenas de suministro. Análisis laboral comparado de derecho europeo, norteamericano y alemán
type: item
subject: Reseña bibliografica
  topic: section
creator: Patricia Nieto Rojas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 266
ending page: 268
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10254

The permanent difficult mission of the Labour and Social Security Inspectorate
type: item
description: This article aims to anticipate the future of the Labor and Social Security Inspectorate's activities over the next 10 to 15 years. To this purpose, firstly it identifies the elements that will most profoundly alter the environment in which inspections currently operate: digitalization and labor mobility, as well as the scenarios they will create. Secondly, it proposes a series of adaptations of the Inspection System to this new situation.
subject: Debates
  topic: section
subject: Labour and Social Security Inspectorate
  topic: keywords
subject: digitalization
  topic: keywords
subject: labour mobility
  topic: keywords
subject: European Labour Authority
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Pablo Parra Gutiérrez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 242
ending page: 264
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10253

The digital world and labor inspection. Current problems (without AI) and possible developments
type: item
description: Before the emergence of AI, issues such as the handling of digital evidence by labor inspectors when it comes from private conversations, particularly via WhatsApp, were already controversial, given the significant legislative shortcomings in this area. In any case, the spectacular advances in computing with AI have sparked debates about labor inspection, both in terms of its organic existence and its modus operandi. New technologies enable the General Treasury of Social Security to carry out its own checks on compliance with contribution obligations, and automated administrative penalties are becoming more common, reviving old debates about the principle of culpability.
subject: Debates
  topic: section
subject: Labor and Social Security Inspection
  topic: keywords
subject: WhatsApp
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: automated administrative procedures
  topic: keywords
subject: guilt
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Miguel Díaz Rodríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 225
ending page: 241
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10252

Reflections and proposals for review on Labour and Social Security Inspectorate
type: item
description: The actions of the Labour and Social Security Inspectorate must be guided by the principle of effectiveness, but also by respect for the fundamental rights of those under investigation. Currently, both objectives are affected by risks and controversies that require resolution; therefore, this analysis seeks to reflect on and formulate proposals regarding these open issues surrounding inspection activity.
subject: Debates
  topic: section
subject: Labour and Social Security Inspectorate
  topic: keywords
subject: effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: fundamental rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Amparo García Rubio
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 201
ending page: 224
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10251

Co-responsability and active fatherhood. Advances in employment equality in the Iberian Penainsula
type: item
description: This article analyzes the development of legislation on co-responsibility and active fatherhood in the Iberian Peninsula, based on the framework established by European Union directives on work-life balance. It examines the transposition of these directives into the legal systems of Spain and Portugal, paying particular attention to measures aimed at the balanced distribution of caregiving responsibilities and the involvement of both parents. The comparative study of both legal systems reveals a convergent trend towards models based on the individualization of work-life balance rights. The cases analyzed demonstrate that effective work-life balance is not achieved by extending leave exclusively linked to maternity, but rather through individual, non-transferable, and adequately remunerated leave.
subject: Artículos jurisprudenciales
  topic: section
subject: Work-life balance
  topic: keywords
subject: shared responsibility for caregiving
  topic: keywords
subject: parental leave
  topic: keywords
subject: Spain
  topic: keywords
subject: Portugal
  topic: keywords
creator: Carmen Romero García-Aranda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 179
ending page: 199
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10250

The dismissal letter as a guarantee of the employee’s right to defence. A matter for reconsideration
type: item
description: The dismissal letter has traditionally been regarded as a safeguard of the employee’s rights to a defence; however, there are well-founded reasons that invite a reconsideration of this assumption. In this regard, the present study seeks to explore the relationship between the dismissal letter and the employee’s rights of defence, with the aim of determining whether this formal requirement genuinely constitutes a guarantee of such rights.
subject: Artículos jurisprudenciales
  topic: section
subject: Dismissal
  topic: keywords
subject: Written communication
  topic: keywords
subject: Dismissal letter
  topic: keywords
subject: Fundamental right to effective judicial protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Defencelessness
  topic: keywords
creator: Rubén Parres Miralles
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 150
ending page: 178
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10249

Teleworking as a key of work-life balance from the right to Adaptation of article 34.8 ET. A double-edged measure
type: item
description: Teleworking is currently presented as a strategic tool for achieving a proper balance between the work-life balance needs of employees and the productivity standards of companies. However, beyond its dazzling advantages and opportunities, a more thorough analysis reveals just as many risks, especially related to the perpetuation of gender roles in new virtual environments. This necessitates highly refined and precise regulations in this area. And, in this respect, teleworking accessed through the right to adaptation under art. 34.8 ET stands out for its legal, scientific, and socio-economic significance. This study examines this aspect in depth, considering judicial and scientific doctrine, with a critical approach and proposals for improvement.
subject: Artículos jurisprudenciales
  topic: section
subject: Teleworking
  topic: keywords
subject: work-life balance
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: 34.8
  topic: keywords
creator: Miguel Basterra Hernández
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 124
ending page: 149
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10248

Social security and migration
type: item
description: Spain’s social security system has served as a social tool that has adapted to the transformation of migration flows. From this perspective, it is clear how social security benefits have evolved from primarily supporting Spaniards returning to their country –through instruments such as old-age pensions, unemployment benefits, and extraordinary allowances– To the current approach, which focuses more on incentivising immigration flows. This article analyses this particular role of social security, using Spain as case study. This country is an exceptional example due to the large number of bilateral social security agreements signed with third countries and by the fact of being part of the Ibero-American Multilateral Agreement on Social Security, a pioneering experiment with the objective of guaranteeing the rights of migrant workers and their families.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Social security
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: coordination
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Pérez del Prado
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 96
ending page: 122
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10247

The disruptive judge as an epilogue to the new spanish judicial ecosystem
type: item
description: The digitalization of justice continues to be a global challenge; however, in recent years, various technological initiatives have been promoted to modernize it and adapt it to the demands of an increasingly interconnected society. This process occupies a central role in Spain’s political and reformist agenda, giving rise to innovative platforms capable of expediting the resolution of legal cases and optimizing the efficiency of the judicial system. At the same time, the possibility of incorporating robot judges into the administration of justice has become the focal point of current debate, a proposal that arouses both enthusiasm and apprehension. This research will therefore explore the implications of such an initiative, weighing the potential benefits and risks that automation may entail in judicial decision-making.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: legaltech
  topic: keywords
subject: judges
  topic: keywords
subject: algorithm
  topic: keywords
subject: bias
  topic: keywords
creator: Marina Fernández Ramírez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 69
ending page: 95
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10246

Multiple Litigation System in the Social Jurisdiction (Joinder of Actions, Test Case Procedure, and Extension of Effects)
type: item
description: This paper offers a systematic and up-to-date analysis of the Multiple Litigation System (SLM) following the far-reaching reform introduced by Royal Decree-Law 6/2023 and Organic Law 1/2025. It explains how joinder of actions and proceedings, test-case litigation, and the extension of effects together form a graduated model designed to manage large-scale repetitive litigation in the social jurisdiction, preventing contradictory decisions and strengthening procedural economy. The author clarifies the constitutional foundations of the SLM, particularly its connection with the principle of equality in the application of the law (Art. 14 of the Spanish Constitution) and the case law of the Constitutional Court. The study precisely defines the scope of application of the system, distinguishing the proceedings in which it is appropriate from those in which it is excluded for structural or legal reasons. It also analyses the interaction between the SLM and the judicial reorganisation resulting from the creation of the Courts of Instance, highlighting its practical impact on the management of repetitive claims. The paper provides a detailed examination of the functioning of the test-case procedure and the extension of effects, offering interpretative criteria to fill existing normative gaps. It further establishes the structural difference between the SLM and collective disputes, clarifying when each mechanism should operate. Finally, it assesses the advantages and drawbacks of the system and proposes measures aimed at ensuring its correct application without undermining the right to effective judicial protection.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Litigación múltiple
  topic: keywords
subject: acumulación de procesos
  topic: keywords
subject: procedimiento testigo
  topic: keywords
subject: extensión de efectos
  topic: keywords
subject: jurisdicción social
  topic: keywords
creator: Remedios Roqueta Buj
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 30
ending page: 68
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10245

The role of regulations in Labour Law. On the recent proposals for «development» of the Estatuto de los trabajadores
type: item
description: The paper analyses the recent strengthening of regulatory powers in labour matters as a response to the difficulties of the legislative procedure. It examines two major initiatives –the draft Royal Decrees on working-time recording and on the transposition of Directive (EU) 2022/2041 on adequate minimum wages in the European Union together with the development of the rules governing the application of the statutory minimum wage –from the perspectives of both the material and the formal reservation of law, as well as the principle of normative hierarchy.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: Potestad reglamentaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Reserva de ley
  topic: keywords
subject: Jerarquía normativa
  topic: keywords
subject: Salario mínimo interprofesional
  topic: keywords
subject: Registro de jornada
  topic: keywords
creator: José María Goerlich Peset
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
starting page: 4
ending page: 28
doi: 10.20318/labos.2026.10244

Martínez Girón, Jesús y Arufe Varela, Alberto. Los catedráticos españoles de Derecho del trabajo (1917-2024).
type: item
subject: Reseña bibliografica
  topic: section
creator: Daniel Pérez del Prado
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 293
ending page: 296
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10115

Sierra, Elisa. Prevención de riesgos laborales y perspectiva de género
type: item
subject: Reseña bibliografica
  topic: section
creator: Paula Ruiz Mur
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 287
ending page: 292
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10113

Change of judicial criteria and application over time of the doctrine unified by the Fourth Chamber of the Supreme Court
type: item
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Ana de la Puebla Pinilla
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 4
ending page: 21
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10112

Labour, precariousness and mental health
type: item
description: The complex relationship between work and mental health is a topic of increasing relevance in public debate and in research from different fields of knowledge. It is addressed in this text paying particular attention to precariousness and its negative impact on the emotional and psychological sphere of workers, as well as to the new emerging risks associated with new forms of work organisation and performance in digitalised environments. The starting point is the traditional approach focused on psychosocial risks, which is essential, but a broader perspective is also proposed, pointing to an assessment on the adequacy and, where appropriate, review and adaptation of some areas of labour law that can be key to reducing precariousness and protecting mental health in the workplace, along with other public policies in this regard. The contents, conclusions and proposals of the report on precariousness and mental health in Spain (PRESME Report) are analysed, as well as the needs and possibilities of action regarding new forms of organization of business and work that generate precariousness and new risks for mental health, and the convenience of revising the regulation on working time considering technological and socioeconomic transformations, and aiming an adequate and healthy work-life balance. Finally, the importance of the collective dimension for addressing these issues is emphasized, and some author's personal reflections and proposals for debate are provided.
subject: Debates
  topic: section
subject: Work and mental health
  topic: keywords
subject: Job insecurity/precariousness
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational health and safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychosocial risks
  topic: keywords
subject: PRESME Report
  topic: keywords
creator: Diego Álvarez Alonso
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 272
ending page: 285
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10111

The Legal Governance of Occupational Mental Health
type: item
description: This gap between legal recognition and practical implementation manifests in three principal areas. At the preventive level, the management of psychosocial risks is still partial and heterogeneous, shaped by cultural inertia, insufficient methodological tools, and the lack of specialized technical expertise. At the benefits level, the exclusion of mental disorders from the official list of occupational diseases requires their forced accommodation within categories originally designed for physical risks, which complicates the recognition of work-related causation. Finally, liability mechanisms display limited effectiveness, largely due to evidentiary requirements that do not align with the multifactorial nature of these conditions. In this context, workplace mental health remains a legal category in the process of formation. Its effective consolidation requires regulatory development, the technical strengthening of the preventive system, and a conceptual reassessment of traditional legal categories within labour law.
subject: Debates
  topic: section
subject: Workplace mental health
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychosocial risks
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational risk prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational contingencies
  topic: keywords
subject: Employer liability
  topic: keywords
creator: Guillermo García González
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 258
ending page: 271
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10110

Mental health in the workplace in the age of artificial intelligence
type: item
description: It is an incontrovertible fact, statistically proven, that new smart technologies contribute to a global decrease in accident rates, improving the well-being of workers. However, their dark side cannot be ignored either, as they do not eliminate harmful substances entirely, adding to traditional risks other emerging hazards capable of crossing the thin and vulnerable line of mental health, so severely impacted by the pandemic and so threatened in the current production environment. This worrying reality compels us to design appropriate legal responses that cannot be limited to providing mere compensatory protection, but rather require a commitment to an effective preventative policy in the workplace.
subject: Debates
  topic: section
subject: Psychosocial risks
  topic: keywords
subject: Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational safety and health
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Susana Rodríguez Escanciano
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 243
ending page: 257
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10109

Violence against women. The role of the media in preventing it
type: item
description: This paper examines the relevance of integrating a gender perspective into the journalistic profession, given its importance for the ethical and deontological treatment of violence against women. The exercise of journalism requires training in media coverage guided by principles that serve the public interest, facilitating the understanding of a social problem that must not be silenced. It is essential that this approach avoids encouraging sensationalism, voyeurism, for trivializing narratives, thereby preventing revictimization and the reinforcement of misogynistic and patriarchal cultural patterns. The aim of this research is to propose responsible labor policies and professional practices, recognizing the influence of communication on public opinion as a tool for combating violence against women.
subject: Artículos jurisprudenciales
  topic: section
subject: Violence against women
  topic: keywords
subject: Journalistic work
  topic: keywords
subject: Deontological approach
  topic: keywords
subject: Responsibility of the media
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender perspective
  topic: keywords
creator: Francisca Bernal Santamaría
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 214
ending page: 241
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10108

Paid leave as a tool for balancing family and work life
type: item
description: The Royal Decree-Law 5/2023, of June 28, introduced significant changes to work permits. Specifically, the amendment to those included in Article 37 of the Workers' Statute is of particular significance because it not only expands the scope of these permits but also enhances shared responsibility for caregiving by adapting to new family realities. However, this new regulation is not without its difficulties, and its practical application is revealing problems of interpretation and application that require judicial intervention and clarification through collective bargaining.
subject: Artículos jurisprudenciales
  topic: section
subject: work-life balance
  topic: keywords
subject: co-responsbility
  topic: keywords
subject: new leaves
  topic: keywords
subject: equality
  topic: keywords
subject: care responsibilities
  topic: keywords
creator: María del Sol Herráiz Martín
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 186
ending page: 213
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10107

Partial retirement and replacement contract
type: item
description: This paper examines the legal framework governing partial retirement within the Spanish Social Security system, focusing on its legislative development, current configuration, and the interpretation given by the Supreme Court. It analyses how this form of access to the pension—allowing the simultaneous ved from its original purpose of promoting employment towards a regulation aimed at ensuring the financial sustainability of the system. The study addresses the requirements for access to partial retirement, the compatibility between work and pension, the specific features of the replacement contract, and the consequences of non-compliance for both the employee and the employer. Particular attention is given to the innovations introduced by Royal Decree-Law 11/2024 and to the interpretative issues arising from its implementation. Based on a combined analysis of legislation and judicial doctrine, the paper highlights the complexity of an institution that, beyond the most recent reform, calls for a systematic reading capable of reconciling employment policy, system sustainability, and legal certainty.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Partial retirement
  topic: keywords
subject: Relief contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Active aging
  topic: keywords
subject: Royal Decree Law 11/2024
  topic: keywords
subject: Work-pension compatibility
  topic: keywords
creator: Cristina Aragón
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 153
ending page: 184
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10048

The modification of the termination of the contract due to permanent disability introduced by Law 2/2025, of April 29
type: item
description: Law 2/2025, of April 29, which modifies the consolidated text of the Workers’ Statute Law regarding the termination of employment contracts due to permanent disability, establishes new regulations in Article 49.1.n) of the ET (Working Law), with the aim of protecting the continued employment of individuals who become permanently disabled and eliminating the automatic termination of contracts in these cases. This article analyzes the need for the reform produced, which aims to adapt our legal system to international and European regulations in accordance with the judgment of the CJEU of January 18, 2024 (Ca Na Negreta case, case C-631/22).
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Permanent disability
  topic: keywords
subject: Reasonable adjustment
  topic: keywords
subject: Termination of contract
  topic: keywords
subject: Right to work
  topic: keywords
creator: Nuria J. Ayerra Duesca
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 126
ending page: 152
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10047

The decarbonisation process and the challenges of social protection. The role of retirement
type: item
description: The starting point is the idea that the path to climate neutrality will inevitably lead to the loss of many jobs, as well as the permanent exclusion of certain low-skilled, who cannot be expected to undergo professional retraining for which they lack the minimum knowledge base, nor do they have the capacity to do so. In this context, social protection systems can function as accompaniments to these policies, encouraging or discouraging business decisions. To this end, the paper will specifically address the functionality of retirement pensions, in their various forms, as a dignified exit for these workers. At the same time, it will analyse the various public protection measures that, in contexts of restructuring or workforce adjustments, as well as adverse crises of various kinds, have been implemented in order to prevent the vulnerability and neglect of those who, directly affected by these events, may have been excluded from their requirements on the grounds of age.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Decarbonization
  topic: keywords
subject: Prime-age workers
  topic: keywords
subject: Social protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Retirement pension
  topic: keywords
creator: Susana Barcelón Cobedo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 99
ending page: 125
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10046

Challenges arising from the expansion of procedural guarantees and admission of appeals in the constitutional protection of fundamental rights on the Labor Court
type: item
description: The heavy reliance on the special procedure for the protection of fundamental rights—resulting from an expanded scope encompassing any fundamental rights and public freedoms, despite its initial design to safeguard trade union freedom—led the legislature to redirect its processing toward specific procedural modalities while maintaining all the guarantees reserved for this preferential and summary proceeding. In practice, the extension of these safeguards has helped curb the misuse of the special procedure, albeit at the cost of generating new issues: mandatory joinder of actions and disruption of the general rule on the admissibility of extraordinary appeals, particularly when constitutional claims are combined with matters of ordinary statutory law.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Labor procedure
  topic: keywords
subject: Protection of fundamental rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Suitable procedure
  topic: keywords
subject: Appeals
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Rivera Sánchez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 73
ending page: 98
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10045

Directive on corporate sustainability due diligence. Labor perspective
type: item
description: This paper analyses the corporate due diligence directive (2024/1760) from a labour perspective based on five general and complementary approaches. The first concerns the shift from ethics to law that the directive entails. The second relates to the possibilist perspective that permeates the entire study. The third concerns the category of due diligence. The fourth focuses on the labour rights at work protected by the directive. And the fifth and final approach, the least explored to date, looks at the directive from a national perspective, despite the fact that the idea behind the directive is unequivocally transnational.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Corporate sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Due diligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Human rights at work
  topic: keywords
subject: Soft law and hard law
  topic: keywords
subject: Global companies
  topic: keywords
creator: Juan Bautista Vivero Serrano
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 46
ending page: 72
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10044

The exercise of the company's disciplinary power with respect to people with an employment relationship within the scope of Law 2/2023 on the protection of whistleblowers
type: item
description: The disciplinary power of companies in the field of employment relationships can be exercised within the scope of Law 2/2023, of February 20, regulating the protection of persons who report regulatory breaches and the fight against fraud, primarily in relation to four types of employees: the reporting person, the affected person, the person responsible for the company’s internal information system, and other subjects responsible for breaches of that law other than the aforementioned. The analysis of how the integration, not always easy, between the principles, rights, and obligations of these four subjects within the scope of Law 2/2023 linked to the employer with a labour contract with the latter’s disciplinary power is what constitutes the essential object of this article.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Corporate disciplinary authority and Law 2/2023
  topic: keywords
subject: Whistleblower Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Affected person
  topic: keywords
subject: Internal Information System Manager
  topic: keywords
subject: Other responsible subjects
  topic: keywords
creator: Salvador del Rey Guanter
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 23
ending page: 45
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.10043

The changing face of working time
type: item
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Jesús R. Mercader Uguina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social
date: 2025-07-24
publication date: 2025-07-24
starting page: 4
ending page: 21
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.9664

The severance compensation in question
type: item
description: This study examines the differentiated legal grounds for compensation and consequences of fair, unfair, and void dismissals under current Spanish labor regulations. Based on these legal bases, it analyzes the impact of the decision of the European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR) against Spain for breach of Article 24 of the European Social Charter (ESC), which places assessed compensation for unfair dismissal at issue, both in a judicial review of conventionality and in a possible legislative reform. I develop legal arguments that conclude with the lack of direct application of Article 24 of the ESSC and the judicial impossibility of establishing additional compensation for unfair dismissals, even more so after the Supreme Court ruling of December 19, 2024, which clarifies the scope of the conventionality review. I develop legal arguments that conclude with the absence of binding force of the ECSR decision on unfair dismissals. The study concludes, on a political level, with various options for reforming unfair and invalid dismissal in this context.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Dismissal
  topic: keywords
subject: compensation
  topic: keywords
subject: European Social Charter
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial review of conventionality
  topic: keywords
subject: dismissal reform
  topic: keywords
creator: Jesús Lahera Forteza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social
date: 2025-07-24
publication date: 2025-07-24
starting page: 23
ending page: 56
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.9665

From subordinate work to vulnerable work. (Critical note on the new proposals for universalization of labor protection regulations)
type: item
description: The study analyzes the evolution of work towards new formulas in the context of digitalization and current service capitalism, and how such evolution compromises traditional solutions for labor regulations. It denounces the natural evolutionary limits of “alienness” and “dependency” and questions their ability to continue exclusively defining the field of new labor protection legislation. But it also criticizes the new proposals for labor protection brought forward in this context. First, linking labor protection with the idea of “economic dependence.” And, second, connecting the new labor legislation with the circumstance of being “vulnerable work”, which is assumed whenever it is any type of productive activity carried out “without contribution of capital or company structure”.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Alienation
  topic: keywords
subject: dependency
  topic: keywords
subject: digital platforms
  topic: keywords
subject: economic dependency
  topic: keywords
subject: vulnerable work
  topic: keywords
creator: Óscar Fernández Márquez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social
date: 2025-07-24
publication date: 2025-07-24
starting page: 57
ending page: 81
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.9666

Calculation of pensions arising from occupational risks for workers on reduced working hours. A discriminatory regulation (with and without a gender perspective)
type: item
description: The CJEU has not found sufficient evidence –at least from a statistical perspective– to conclude that the calculation of permanent disability pensions arising from occupational risks for workers on reduced working hours due to work–life balance measures constitutes sex discrimination. This is despite the fact that the regulatory base is calculated on the salary received at the time the contingency arises, which is lower than usual precisely because the worker is on reduced hours. The absence of appropriate statistics should not prevent this regulation from being deemed as discriminatory. Spanish law and EU law support this conclusion in all cases of temporary reductions in working hours, without relying exclusively on sex discrimination.
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Social security
  topic: keywords
subject: permanent disability benefits
  topic: keywords
subject: part-time work
  topic: keywords
subject: CJEU
  topic: keywords
subject: reduction in working hours
  topic: keywords
creator: Iván Antonio Rodríguez Cardo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social
date: 2025-07-24
publication date: 2025-07-24
starting page: 82
ending page: 108
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.9667

Digital content creators. A new grey area in labour law?
type: item
description: The emergence of digital content creators (influencers, bloggers, instagrammers, tik-tokers, youtubers, etc.) requires, from a labour law perspective, a reflection on the nature of their activities. The purpose of this is to identify the possible concurrence of the characteristic features of an employment relationship and, therefore, the possible consideration of them as employees, hence their inclusion in the scope of application of labour law. The plurality of the activities carried out by these digital content creators opens up a reflection on their possible consideration as artists, trade representatives, or standard’ employment relationship. Are we facing new grey areas in labour law?
subject: Artículos doctrinales
  topic: section
subject: Digital content creators
  topic: keywords
subject: grey area
  topic: keywords
subject: labour law
  topic: keywords
subject: social networks
  topic: keywords
creator: Carmen Jover Ramírez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 LABOS Revista de Derecho del Trabajo y Protección Social
date: 2025-07-24
publication date: 2025-07-24
starting page: 109
ending page: 134
doi: 10.20318/labos.2025.9668