UNIVERSITAS. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política
type: channel
description: UNIVERSITAS. Journal of Philosophy, Law and Politics is an open-access, biannual publication established in 2004 within the Gregorio Peces-Barba Institute for Human Rights (formerly Bartolomé de las Casas Institute) at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. It was founded through the initiative of its students and professors, with the aim of addressing human rights issues from a multidisciplinary perspective.
publisher: Instituto de Derechos Humanos “Gregorio Peces-Barba”
language: en
publication name: UNIVERSITAS. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política
issn: 1698-7950
copyright: Authors retain the intellectual property and copyright of the articles published in UNIVERSITAS, while granting the journal the non-exclusive rights of editing and publication. In line with its commitment to the dissemination of knowledge, the journal provides free and open access to all its content, thus fostering greater academic and cultural exchange worldwide. Unless otherwise indicated, all texts published in this journal are protected under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows others to copy, distribute, and publicly communicate the material, provided that authorship and the original publication in UNIVERSITAS are properly acknowledged. The journal does not charge any fees for submission, processing, or publication of articles.
items: Artificial intelligence, algorithmic bias and indirect discrimination in health. An international normative analysis (2016–2025)
items: Lucano Ramírez, Hilda Nely. Miseria del derecho. Pensar de otro modo la liberación animal, Plaza y Valdés, Madrid, 2024, 264 pp.
items: Right to truth and right to justice. Two sides of the same coin? Content analysis and identification of potential intersections
items: The human rights-based approach and the evaluation of social interventions
items: Forced disappearance of persons from the perspective of social disorganization theory
items: The idea of democracy in the Inter-American Human Rights System
items: Resolution criteria on applications for international protection for Senegalese and Malian applicants arriving in the Canary Islands in 2023
items: Indigenous residential schools in Canadá. A shared history of forced assimilation and cultural genocide
items: Foreword [Universitas, 2026, n. 49]
items: Analysis of Law 6/2022 in light of the antisubdiscrimination paradigm
items: The great perversion
items: “Eyeshadow here, eyeshadow there…” The cosmetic use of gender mainstreaming to combat gender stereotypes. An analysis of the Chilean Judicatory
items: A justice response for women victims of dictatorship or internal conflict in South America
items: Criteria used by Inter-American Court of Human Rights on evidentiary assessment in cases of gender-based violence
items: Copyright and artificial intelligence system training. Comparative analysis of Italian and Argentine Law
items: The brain at a crossroads. The legal protection of the right to freedom of thought in the context of neurotechnologies
items: Discrimination in AI systems
items: Legal personality and artificial intelligence
items: The right to private property
items: On the ignorance and the lack of awareness of human rights. Reflections from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
items: Beyond the numbers
items: Foreword [Universitas, 2026, n. 48]
items: Connections between animal ethics and the protection of human rights within the framework of the sustainable development goals
items: Secession and revolutionary disobedience
items: The breakup of the “common house”
items: Multilateralism in crisis
items: Human trafficking in Spain
items: The universal right to access health care for the migrant population in Spain, Italy, and Brazil
items: Metaethics and deliberation in bioethics
items: The duality of devices in the logics of care

Artificial intelligence, algorithmic bias and indirect discrimination in health. An international normative analysis (2016–2025)
type: item
description: This article analyzes how artificial intelligence systems used in clinical prioritization reproduce structural inequalities, generating patterns of indirect discrimination. Using a qualitative documentary-analytical design, binding legal frameworks enacted between 2016 and 2025 in the European Union, the United States, China, the United Kingdom, Brazil and Spain are examined. Results show accelerated regulatory growth since 2021, emphasizing data protection and transparency, yet persistent gaps remain in liability and bias auditing. The study concludes that health care automation requires mandatory algorithmic impact assessments and enforceable accountability mechanisms.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: algorithmic prioritization
  topic: keywords
subject: indirect discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: algorithmic bias
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence governance
  topic: keywords
subject: health regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Sofia Gutiérrez Pérez
creator: Raúl Bermúdez Camarena
creator: Héctor Antonio Emiliano Magallanes Ramírez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 87
ending page: 110
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10528

Lucano Ramírez, Hilda Nely. Miseria del derecho. Pensar de otro modo la liberación animal, Plaza y Valdés, Madrid, 2024, 264 pp.
type: item
description: Este artículo reseña: Lucano Ramírez, Hilda Nely. Miseria del derecho. Pensar de otro modo la liberación animal, Plaza y Valdés, Madrid, 2024, 264 pp.
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Cicerón Muro Cabral
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 197
ending page: 203
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10532

Right to truth and right to justice. Two sides of the same coin? Content analysis and identification of potential intersections
type: item
description: This article explores the autonomy between the Right to Truth and the Right to Justice for victims of human rights abuses, utilizing a comparative analysis of the doctrinal development within the United Nations, and the jurisprudence of the regional systems. The constant development of independent conceptual bases and obligations indicates a marked autonomy between both rights. The identified intersections suggest that, at the individual level, the duties to investigate and punish can be satisfied through a single procedural motion. Collectively, Truth Commissions may contextualize criminal proceedings through deliberate coordination between both mechanisms.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: right to truth
  topic: keywords
subject: right to justice
  topic: keywords
subject: international law
  topic: keywords
subject: victims
  topic: keywords
creator: Armando Ricardo Otero Castro
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 160
ending page: 196
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10531

The human rights-based approach and the evaluation of social interventions
type: item
description: Evaluation is an essential process for the practical application of the human rights-based approach in projects, programs, public policies, or social interventions. This article explores the theoretical roots of HRBA, its application to evaluation centered on this approach, and the development of these methodologies over recent decades. The analysis focuses on the three frameworks that make up the HRBA: the conceptual, normative, and methodological frameworks. It analyses the characteristic phases of human rights-based social interventions and highlights the importance of evaluation as the phase that ensures the fulfilment and promotion of human rights. It serves as a tool that enables decisions to be made regarding projects based on the resulting assessment. The research methodology for the article has been a literature review of the various frameworks and fields of knowledge mentioned.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
creator: Arturo Romero Muñoz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 134
ending page: 159
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10530

Forced disappearance of persons from the perspective of social disorganization theory
type: item
description: The present analytical exercise on the forced disappearance of persons from the perspective of social disorganization theory and its impact on human rights violations. It examines how factors such as inequality, structural violence against vulnerable groups, and social segregation —viewed through a legal-criminological lens— catalyze the forced disappearance of persons, a criminal phenomenon that, per se, already violates a wide spectrum of rights. Under an exploratory approach, this text addresses how the intersection of certain structural factors fosters disorganization and merges to form an ideal breeding group for the perpetration of forced disappearance and the perpetuation of certain cycles of violence. Unlike traditional theories that study crime, social disorganization theory focuses on environmental factors of the social setting and the high levels of violence that tear at the social fabric, rendering social control less effective in these locations due to heterogeneity.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: enforced disappearance
  topic: keywords
subject: social disorganization
  topic: keywords
subject: security
  topic: keywords
subject: violence
  topic: keywords
creator: Francisco Antonio Ramírez Frausto
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 111
ending page: 133
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10529

The idea of democracy in the Inter-American Human Rights System
type: item
description: This study focuses on the analysis and reflection of the various conceptual interpretations that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, through its rulings, has referred to regarding the exercise and development of democracy in the Latin American context. Thus, we will see from the outset that the very concept of democracy requires a series of conceptual precautions. Nevertheless, we consider it possible to analyze some standards that the supra-constitutional court has determined for the democratic exercise. This does not mean, however, that the discussion is over.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: democracy
  topic: keywords
subject: Inter-American law
  topic: keywords
subject: Inter-American Court
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial precedent
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
creator: José de Jesús Chávez Cervantes
creator: Myrna Jackeline Naba Pérez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 59
ending page: 86
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10527

Resolution criteria on applications for international protection for Senegalese and Malian applicants arriving in the Canary Islands in 2023
type: item
description: Every year, thousands of people from sub-Saharan Africa risk their lives in the dangerous Atlantic route to the Canary Islands due to insecurity, political instability, and economic hardship in their countries of origin. Lacking legal and safe pathways, many turn to criminal networks to reach Europe. Among the most frequent are Senegalese and Malians, who apply for asylum to avoid deportation. An analysis of six rulings by the Asylum and Refugee Office (OAR) shows a striking contrast: most Senegalese applications are denied, while 90% of Malian applications are approved. The study criticizes the lack of individualized case analysis, the reliance on general country information, and inconsistencies in legal reasoning. Despite the high rate of denials, migration continues, reflecting the severity of conditions in their home countries and the extreme risks they face to reach Europe.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: migratory crisis
  topic: keywords
subject: right to asylum
  topic: keywords
subject: international protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Senegal
  topic: keywords
subject: Mali
  topic: keywords
creator: Julia Encarnación García Álvarez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 32
ending page: 58
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10526

Indigenous residential schools in Canadá. A shared history of forced assimilation and cultural genocide
type: item
description: This study examines the effects of Residential Schools on First Nations, Inuit, and Métis children in Canada, emphasizing the severing of their ties to language, traditions, family, community, and nation. It underscores the importance of understanding the process of forced assimilation in Indigenous childhood experiences. Drawing on the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, it identifies key parameters for shaping a process capable of addressing the challenges of reconciliation and assessing the effectiveness of various mechanisms in fostering structural transformations within society.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: indigenous peoples
  topic: keywords
subject: indigenous residential schools
  topic: keywords
subject: truth and reconciliation commission
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural genocide
  topic: keywords
subject: indigenous children
  topic: keywords
creator: Jaime Rojas Castillo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 7
ending page: 31
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10525

Foreword [Universitas, 2026, n. 49]
type: item
subject: Presentación
  topic: section
creator: Ignacio Campoy Cervera
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 4
ending page: 6
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10524

Analysis of Law 6/2022 in light of the antisubdiscrimination paradigm
type: item
description: Law 6/2022 codifies in Spain a right to cognitive accessibility that was, however, already being applied de facto in organisations protecting persons with disabilities. These organisations had also been fighting for years to have this right formally regulated. This achievement has come with the recent approval of Law 6/2022. Its current relevance makes it necessary to analyse whether the text has been drafted in such a way as to effectively guarantee accessibility conditions in a cross-cutting manner and without discrimination, or whether, on the contrary, there are significant gaps or contradictions. To this end, using the anti-subordination paradigm proposed by the jurist Maggy Barrère, which overcomes the problems of classic anti-discrimination law and also proposes clear indicators on which to focus, an in-depth analysis of the content of Law 6/2022 has been carried out
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: law 6/2022
  topic: keywords
subject: cognitive accessibility
  topic: keywords
subject: antisubordination
  topic: keywords
subject: analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: recent
  topic: keywords
subject: positivization
  topic: keywords
creator: Macarena Burgos Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 269
ending page: 297
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10095

The great perversion
type: item
description: The article examines Isaiah Berlin's relationship with populism, analyzing his perspective on this phenomenon and its ties to nationalism. Berlin defined populism as a movement centered on collective identity, opposition to corrupt elites, and nostalgia for a glorious past. His theory of two liberties (positive and negative) is essential to understanding the contrast between populism, which prioritizes collective freedom, and liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedom. The text also applies the "hedgehog and fox" metaphor, associating populists with the hedgehog (single vision) and liberal democrats with the fox (pluralism). Ultimately, it warns about the dangers of dogmatism and cultural homogenization
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: populism
  topic: keywords
subject: value pluralism
  topic: keywords
subject: freedom
  topic: keywords
subject: nationalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Isaiah Berlin
  topic: keywords
creator: Alejandro J. Gomis de Francia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 245
ending page: 268
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10092

“Eyeshadow here, eyeshadow there…” The cosmetic use of gender mainstreaming to combat gender stereotypes. An analysis of the Chilean Judicatory
type: item
description: The incorporation of the gender mainstreaming principle into the judicial function presents combating gender stereotypes as one of its central tasks, for which the use of International Human Rights Law is a key tool. Based on this, this paper will analyze whether, in the case of the Chilean Judiciary, the use of the gender category and its mainstreaming remains merely cosmetic in the pursuit of achieving decisions free from gender stereotypes
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: equality
  topic: keywords
subject: justice
  topic: keywords
subject: gender perspective
  topic: keywords
subject: stereotypes
  topic: keywords
subject: international law
  topic: keywords
creator: Pilar Maturana Cabezas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 226
ending page: 244
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10091

A justice response for women victims of dictatorship or internal conflict in South America
type: item
description: On April 22, 1985, the public hearing of the Trial of the Juntas began in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which aimed to judge the military leadership of the last dictatorship (1976-1983). 40 years after the beginning of this judicial process, other countries in South America have also implemented post-dictatorship Transitional Justice policies to respond to the demands of both victims' families and those directly affected by violations of Human Rights. This article seeks to give knowledge of a particular aspect of this process, namely, the demand for justice for women who were victims of crimes against humanity
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: women
  topic: keywords
subject: gender perspective
  topic: keywords
subject: transitional justice
  topic: keywords
subject: trials
  topic: keywords
subject: impunity
  topic: keywords
creator: Boris Hau
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 208
ending page: 225
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10090

Criteria used by Inter-American Court of Human Rights on evidentiary assessment in cases of gender-based violence
type: item
description: This article describes some relevant standard of evidentiary assessment used by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in cases of gender-based violence. It starts with a gender violence concept based on doctrine and women's human rights and violence international instruments, and a didactic distinction with the concept of violence against women. It establishes the general standard of proof, followed by the specific criteria that allow the facts of violence to be considered proven, highlighting some Court`s rulings about serious violations of women's and girl’s human rights
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: gender-based violence
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: women and girls
  topic: keywords
subject: evidence standard
  topic: keywords
subject: inter-american court of human rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Claudia N. Flores Mejía
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 166
ending page: 207
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10089

Copyright and artificial intelligence system training. Comparative analysis of Italian and Argentine Law
type: item
description: The article analyses the legal challenges posed by training artificial intelligence systems with copyrighted works, taking as reference the cases The New York Times v. Microsoft/OpenAI and Getty Images v. Stability AI. Based on a comparative analysis between Italian and Argentine law, it examines how the concepts of creativity, authorship and unfair competition are strained by automated content generation. It proposes strengthening transparency, traceability, and accountability in the use of AI, harmonizing technological innovation and the protection of human creativity
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: copyright
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: unfair competition
  topic: keywords
subject: creativity
  topic: keywords
subject: algorithmic transparency
  topic: keywords
creator: Lucía Martínez Lima
creator: Flaminia D’Antonio
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 138
ending page: 165
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10088

The brain at a crossroads. The legal protection of the right to freedom of thought in the context of neurotechnologies
type: item
description: The text examines the legal protection of the human brain in the context of emerging neurotechnologies, evaluating whether new rights must be created or existing ones reinterpreted. It underscores freedom of thought as a fundamental right and argues for the need to clearly delineate its scope through a comprehensive regulatory framework that sets out explicit duties for States and precise obligations for private actors. The analysis concludes that effective brain protection is attainable through gradual regulatory adjustments that enhance transparency regarding risks and ensure that users’ consent to neurotechnological interventions is fully respected at all times
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: freedom of thought
  topic: keywords
subject: neuro-rights
  topic: keywords
subject: businesses
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: corporate due diligence
  topic: keywords
creator: María Alejandra Albarracín Torres
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 121
ending page: 137
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10087

Discrimination in AI systems
type: item
description: The article analyzes the impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) from an intersectional approach focused on disability. It highlights the algorithmic biases present in technological systems that reproduce social inequalities. The research emphasizes the urgency of integrating inclusive ethical frameworks and the active participation of collectives in AI development. It also questions the colonization of the concept of intersectionality, proposing its recovery as a critical tool. Only through a feminist, decolonial, and human rights-based perspective can we move toward truly fair and inclusive AI
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Intersectionality
  topic: keywords
subject: disability
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: accessibility
  topic: keywords
creator: Italo Giancarlo Alvarez Lozano
creator: Diana María de los Angeles Vicente Munarriz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 98
ending page: 120
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10086

Legal personality and artificial intelligence
type: item
description: This paper examines the term «person», its meaning, and its conceptualization in order to ascertain the relationship between legal and ontological personality. It is observed that the natural juridical person serves as a substratum of the positive and its condition of existence. Subsequently, the possibility and consequences of conferring legal personality upon an artificial intelligence program are investigated. In particular, its theoretical consequences in criminal and civil liability and its practical consequences are considered
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: human person
  topic: keywords
subject: legal person
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: positive right
  topic: keywords
subject: imputation
  topic: keywords
creator: Cristián Pérez García
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 74
ending page: 97
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10085

The right to private property
type: item
description: The article starts from the hypothesis of the prevalence of the notions of autonomy and freedom in relation to the right to private property vis-à-vis the more-than-human world. Likewise, it outlines the concept of the capitalocentric approach to the right to private property. In response to the latter, it is proposed that, for the full achievement of Goal 15 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development —in the context of the global ecological crisis— it is necessary to promote the ecologizing rights within the framework of private property, as well as other related legal principles and figures. These aim to preserve and safeguard terrestrial ecosystems, along with other animals and living beings, for the intrinsic value they hold and from a perspective of responsibility and care
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: real right of conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: biocultural rights
  topic: keywords
subject: rights of nature
  topic: keywords
subject: ecologization
  topic: keywords
subject: capitalocentric approach
  topic: keywords
subject: stewardship
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental sustainability
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniela Alejandra Bañuelos Hinojosa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 54
ending page: 73
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10084

On the ignorance and the lack of awareness of human rights. Reflections from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
type: item
description: This text analyzes an idea expressed in the preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that the disregard for these rights has the potential to foster barbaric acts affecting all humanity, recognizing that this has occurred in the past. The analysis was conducted through consultation of the preparatory work for the Declaration up to the final text, as well as specialized literature on this topic. Finally, it offers a reflection on the meaning and extension of this concept
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: universal declaration of human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: ignorance
  topic: keywords
subject: disregard
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights violation
  topic: keywords
creator: Agustín Eugenio Martínez Elías
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 30
ending page: 53
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10083

Beyond the numbers
type: item
description: This paper explores three different versions of the principle of equality of opportunity to identify an ethical-normative justification for certain labor market activation policies. The focus is specifically on the subsidized hiring of the unemployed youth. Each interpretation is presented alongside its main ideas and the challenges it may entail. Roughly speaking, the principle of fair equality of opportunity seems qualified to justify such policies. Finally, the paper addresses a methodological question regarding which criteria should be relevant for evaluating public policies. It challenges the view that exclusively economic considerations are sufficient, advocating instead for the inclusion of ethical and political values inherent to each political system. The paper has a clarificatory aim and does not seek to determine the "correct" interpretation of the principle of equality of opportunity, but rather to identify the most suitable justification for subsidized hiring.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: unemployment
  topic: keywords
subject: fairness
  topic: keywords
subject: job opportunities
  topic: keywords
subject: luck egalitarianism
  topic: keywords
subject: meritocracy
  topic: keywords
subject: public policies
  topic: keywords
creator: Cristián Augusto Fatauros
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 7
ending page: 29
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10082

Foreword [Universitas, 2026, n. 48]
type: item
description: -
subject: Presentación
  topic: section
creator: Ignacio Campoy Cervera
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors retain copyright and grant UNIVERSITAS a non-exclusive license to publish their work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2026.10081

Connections between animal ethics and the protection of human rights within the framework of the sustainable development goals
type: item
description: This article aims to highlight the connections between animal ethics and the protection of human rights around the Sustainable Development Goals. The arguments are based on three points: (1) Lives, climate change, and sustainability; (2) Food, health, and well-being; and (3) Justice, peace, and coexistence. This paper suggests that protecting some human rights requires abandoning any manifestation of the logic of domination, especially when it comes to other animals. Furthermore, scientific evidence shows that animal exploitation has negative consequences not only for other animals but also for humans, leading to poorer environmental and health outcomes. Contrary to popular belief, animal ethics may be compatible with human rights discourse.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: animalism
  topic: keywords
subject: animal ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: animality
  topic: keywords
subject: veganism
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Romero Campoy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 302
ending page: 341
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2025.9588

Secession and revolutionary disobedience
type: item
description: During the last decade, the pro-independence claims of a part of the Catalan society have taken as a legal-political support the alleged «right to decide» of the Catalan people, also using disobedience to the laws of the Spanish State as a means of pressure to achieve its recognition. This paper will analyze the basis and possible justification of such claims from a triple perspective: constitutional, philosophical-legal and international law. We will also deal with the philosophical-legal qualification of the acts of disobedience carried out by institutional officials and pro-independence citizens, finally proposing the legal-political solutions which, in our opinion, could resolve the existing conflict.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Self-determination
  topic: keywords
subject: secession
  topic: keywords
subject: civil disobedience
  topic: keywords
subject: democracy
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutionalism
  topic: keywords
creator: José Mateos Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 272
ending page: 301
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2025.9587

The breakup of the “common house”
type: item
description: Chile is a significant case study. On one hand, it demonstrates apparent and vigorous economic growth. On the other, it reveals a nation marked by a deep disconnect between social demands and popular aspirations, and the political narratives and institutions of the state. After years of public debate and widespread social unrest, an institutional pathway for constitutional reform was opened. Regrettably, the constituent process followed a troubled timeline and produced a difficult outcome. Still, the experience was not entirely bleak. Therefore, This paper aims to show how, despite the adverse result of Chile’s constituent process, it is possible to draw important lessons that, both locally and from a comparative perspective, may serve as valuable input and precedent for political-legal debate.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: constitution
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional council
  topic: keywords
subject: constituent assembly
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional process
  topic: keywords
creator: Javier A. Labrín Jofré
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 251
ending page: 271
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2025.9586

Multilateralism in crisis
type: item
description: The COVID-19 pandemic taught us that no one can be saved alone. In a world marked by polycrisis and in which the role of multilateralism is questioned, Latin America, a region in which caring for others and for the planet is part of its history, has the possibility of proposing new forms of international cooperation. In a context of democratic fragility, an International Development Cooperation (IDC) based on the 4Ms (Multiactor, Multilevel, Multilateral, Multicultural) with a human rights approach and gender intersectionality is key to avoid exclusions.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: gender
  topic: keywords
subject: SDG
  topic: keywords
subject: Latin America
  topic: keywords
subject: international cooperation
  topic: keywords
creator: Eugenia D’Angelo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 204
ending page: 250
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2025.9585

Human trafficking in Spain
type: item
description: This report aims to bring us closer to the current and, in many cases, unknown reality of the phenomenon of human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation in our country, by consolidating itself as a country of transit and destination, and its many implications in terms of human rights and at an economic and social level. To do this, the current legislation in this specific area will be analyzed, as well as the social demands that call for the approval of a comprehensive law on human trafficking that establishes measures to fight against this form of “slavery in the 21st century”.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: Human trafficking
  topic: keywords
subject: sexual abuse
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: migrant trafficking
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: identification
  topic: keywords
creator: Noemi Canabal Cerdeira
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 167
ending page: 203
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2025.9581

The universal right to access health care for the migrant population in Spain, Italy, and Brazil
type: item
description: -
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
creator: Matteo Pezzullo Gaeta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 124
ending page: 166
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2025.9578

Metaethics and deliberation in bioethics
type: item
description: In this paper, I argue that constructivism in metaethics is an adequate basis for the objectivity of moral judgments in bioethics. Constructivism in metaethics argues that moral judgments derived from normative deliberations are objective due to the construction process through which they are framed. If the construction process follows the guidelines appropriately, the resulting moral judgment will be correct. In bioethical deliberation, such as that carried out by hospital bioethics committees, an exchange of plural reasons arises to solve a moral problem. The upshot of the argumentative exchange is correct if the process in which the deliberation took place was adequate.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: constructivism
  topic: keywords
subject: bioethics
  topic: keywords
subject: argumentations
  topic: keywords
subject: moral judgement
  topic: keywords
subject: pluralism
  topic: keywords
creator: Cicerón Muro-Cabral
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 98
ending page: 123
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2025.9577

The duality of devices in the logics of care
type: item
description: This article analyses the introduction of technology in care activities, taking into account its social impact from a gender perspective. The incorporation of technological devices in the logic of care is a reality that should be analysed from a dual perspective encompassing both benefits and difficulties, in order to examine in a comprehensive manner the consequences that are generated in the care-women relationship. There are several elements that contribute to a process of female empowerment but, at the same time, there are numerous elements that limit women's agency and their social position.
subject: Artículos
  topic: section
subject: gender equality
  topic: keywords
subject: care
  topic: keywords
subject: technology
  topic: keywords
subject: potentialities
  topic: keywords
subject: limitation
  topic: keywords
creator: Magdalena Díaz Gorfinkiel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 64
ending page: 82
doi: 10.20318/universitas.2025.9575