«Communistes, aux armes!»: les unités à destination spéciale (TchON) au sortir de la guerre civile en Ukraine (1920-1924)
Abstract
Resumen: A partir de los archivos ucranianos, este artículo analiza las Unidades Especiales (Tchasti osobogo naznatcheniya, TchON, 1919-1924), unos destacamentos armados compuestos por militantes comunistas. Para enfrentarse con sus enemigos durante la guerra civil, el poder bolchevique crea diferentes categorías de unidades armadas, que se caracterizan por su misión específica (protección, control, represión...) y las instituciones a las que pertenecen (ejército, policía política, Partido). Aunque dependen de la institución central del nuevo régimen, el Partido Comunista, las TchON no consiguen imponerse del todo. Efectivamente, los responsables comunistas más comprometidos con el aparato militar o policial ya han sido integrados en el Ejército Rojo o la Tchéka. Además, el carácter provisional de esas fuerzas perjudica su visibilidad, aunque el hecho de pertenecer a estas unidades implica formar parte de la comunidad del poder. Al estar a caballo entre dos periodos, la de los combates y la de la “edificación pacífica”, estas formaciones pertenecen al mundo tanto militar como político y constituyen un observatorio privilegiado para estudiar el tipo de relación que mantienen el PC y sus militantes con la violencia y el poder.
Palabras clave: Ucrania, guerra civil, Unidades paramilitares, Partido Comunista, 1920-1924
Abstract: Based upon Ukrainian archives, the article examines the Special Purpose Units (Chasti osobogo naznacheniya, Chon, 1919-1924), which are armed detachments composed of communist activists. To counteract the perils of the Civil War, the Bolshevik power creates different types of armed units, which differs by their specific mission (protection, control, repression...) and their institutional affiliation (army, secret police, Party). Although they were set up by the Communist Party, the central institution of the new regime, the Chon should struggle to get a place. Many communist leaders who were keen on military or police activity were already absorbed by the Red Army or the Cheka. In addition, the non-permanent nature of these auxiliary forces affects their durability and visibility. With the set up of a permanent high staff to address this problem, Chon lose much of their original operational character of party militia. But they preserve their symbolic importance: being a "communard", e.g. a member of Special purpose units, is being a member of the community in power. Straddling two periods, the Civil war and the "peaceful construction", these units belong to both the military field and to the political field and give an insight of the relationships of the CP and its activists with the questions of violence and power.
Keywords: Ukraine, Civil War, Paramilitary Units, Special Purpose Units, Communist Party, 1920-1924
Downloads
HISPANIA NOVA is a journal duly registered, with ISSN 1138-7319 and legal deposit M 9472-1998.
The texts published in this journal - unless specifically stated- are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No derivative Works 3.0 Spain license. They can be copied, distributed and publicly communicated as long as the author, journal and institutions publishing the works are quoted, not use the material for commercial purposes and no derivative work is made. The complete license agreement can be found in https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/deed.en