The sociopolitical context of the reigns of Alfonso XII and Alfonso XIII. A special look at women’s rights

Abstract

The present research focuses on the comparative analysis of the reigns of Alfonso XII and Alfonso XIII, successive periods that, despite their chronological continuity, are markedly distinguished by their characteristics and socio-economic and political consequences. During the reign of Alfonso XII, a phase of relative harmony in the economic, social, and political landscape is observed, highlighting the promulgation of the Constitution of 1876. This legal document established a form of sham democra­cy, overshadowed by caciquismo practices designed to perpetuate the alternation in power of traditional political parties, thus configuring a scenario of limited democra­cy. On the other hand, the mandate of Alfonso XIII was characterized by marked ins­tability, evidenced through significant social and political conflicts. Contrary to what might initially be supposed, this period stands out for important transformations in the role and position of women in Spanish society. Thus, the present research aims to provide a critical and profound vision of a fundamental transition period in the contemporary history of Spain, identifying the advancement in the rights and status of women in Spanish society.