Directrices europeas para la gestión de crisis sanitarias: estado de la cuestión = European Guidelines for the Management of Health Crisis: the State of the Art
Abstract
La comunicación es uno de los aspectos clave en la gestión de las crisis sanitarias. La preocupación, ansiedad e incertidumbre que generan estas situaciones requieren una comunicación efectiva con los distintos stakeholders para que aumente su confianza y voluntad a la hora de cumplir con las medidas planteadas por las autoridades. El Proyecto CriCoRM (Crisis Communication and Risk Management) financiado por la Comisión Europea tiene como objetivo desarrallar un libro blanco para explicar a las autoridades y al resto de stakeholders involucrados en una crisis sanitaria cómo comunicarse de la manera más efectiva. Objetivos. Uno de los pasos previos a la elaboración del libro blanco, es la revisión de las directrices de comunicación de crisis en alertas sanitarias que maneja la Unión Europea para determinar qué proponen y cuáles son los puntos que han de mejorarse. Material y método. Hemos revisado 14 documentos elaborados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, (OMS), distintas instituciones y organismos europeos y los Ministerios de Sanidad de tres países miembros. Las categorías de análisis que hemos aplicado a los mismos son cuatro: stakeholders, mensajes, herramientas/canales y portavoz. Conclusiones. Los documentos presentan importantes carencias en relación con las categorías de análisis establecidas: no proporcionan estrategias concretas para comunicarse de forma efectiva con los stakeholders, no incluyen acciones de coordinación entre las autoridades a distintos niveles para que intercambien información, no profundizan en el uso de herramientas/canales y apenas mencionan la figura del portavoz.
Palabras clave: Comunicación de crisis, directrices, Unión Europea, salud
Abstract: Communication is one of the key aspects in the management of health crises. Worry, anxiety and uncertainty generated by these situations require effective communication with different stakeholders to increase their confidence and willingness to obey the measures proposed by the authorities. The CriCoRM Project (Crisis Management and Risk Communication) funded by the European Commission aims to develop a white paper to explain the authorities and other stakeholders involved in a health crisis how to communicate more effectively. Objectives. One of the previous steps before developing this white paper is the revision of the guidelines in health crisis communication that the European Union handles and determine what they propose and which points need to be improved. Materials and method. We have reviewed 14 documents develop by the World Health Organization (WHO), several European institutions and agencies and the Ministries of Health of three countries. The categories of analysis that we have applied to them are four: stakeholders, messages, tools/channels and spokesperson. Conclusions. The documents have significant gaps in relation to the analysis categories established: they do not provide concrete strategies to communicate effectively with stakeholders; they do not include coordination actions between authorities at different levels to share information; they do not delve into the use of tools / channels; and they barely mention the spokesperson.
Keywords: Crisis communication, European Union, guidelines, health
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